Compounds and Methods for Treating Toll-Like Receptor 2-Related Diseases and Conditions

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compounds and methods useful in the prevention or treatment of diseases or conditions associated with Toll-like receptor 2 activation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of, and claims priority from, U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/973,164, filed Oct. 25, 2004 (U.S. Pat.No. 7,202,234), which claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S.provisional patent application No. 60/514,283, filed Oct. 24, 2003, thecontents of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the prevention and treatment of diseases andconditions associated with Toll-like receptor 2 activation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The vertebrate immune system protects the body against undesirableforeign matter that enters the body, such as infecting pathogens (e.g.,bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) and their by-products. Onemanner by which this takes place involves the adaptive immune system,through which the body recognizes foreign antigens and generatesspecific immune responses against them. The induction of adaptiveimmunity takes time (e.g., 2-3 days post infection), and thus couldleave the body vulnerable to the adverse effects of early infection, ifit were not for the action of another division of the immune system, theinnate immune system.

The innate immune system provides the body with a first line defenseagainst invading pathogens. In an innate immune response, an invadingpathogen is recognized by a germline-encoded receptor, the activation ofwhich initiates a signaling cascade that leads to the induction ofcytokine expression. Innate immune system receptors have broadspecificity, recognizing molecular structures that are highly conservedamong different pathogens. These receptors are known as Toll-likereceptors (TLRs), due to their homology with receptors that were firstidentified and named in Drosophila, and are present in cells such asmacrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells.

There are at least ten different TLRs in mammals, and ligands andcorresponding signaling cascades have been identified for some of thesereceptors. For example, TLR2 is activated by the lipoprotein of bacteria(e.g., E. coli), TLR3 is activated by double-stranded RNA, TLR4 isactivated by lipopolysaccharide (i.e., LPS or endotoxin) ofGram-negative bacteria (e.g., Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7), TLR5 isactivated by flagellin of motile bacteria (e.g., Listeria), and TLR9 isactivated by unmethylated CpG sequences of pathogen DNA. The stimulationof each of these receptors leads to activation of the transcriptionfactor NF-κB, and other signaling molecules that are involved inregulating the expression of cytokine genes, including those encodingtumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and certainchemokines.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compounds and methods for use inpreventing or treating diseases or conditions characterized by Toll-likereceptor 2 (TLR2) activation in patients. Accordingly, in a firstaspect, the invention features a compound of formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, where

a is an integer of 1 to 3;

b is an integer of 0 to 4, wherein when b is 0, the carbon bonded to Xand W is not bonded to 2 or more heteroatoms;

R¹ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

X is selected from the group consisting of —NR^(X1)V, —N(R^(X1))C(O)V,—N(R^(X1))C(S)V, —N(R^(X1))C(O)N(R^(X2))V, —N(R^(X1))C(S)N(R²)V,—N(R^(X1))C(O)OV, —N(R^(X1))S(O)₂V, —C(O)N(R^(X1))V, —C(O)OV, —OC(O)V,—OC(O)OV, and —OC(O)N(R^(X1))V, where each of R^(X1) and R^(X2) is,independently, H or C₁₋₆ alkyl, and V is a C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl,or C₁₋₂₀ alkynyl group, optionally substituted with halo, hydroxyl,C₁₋₂₁ acyloxy, oxo, C₁₋₂₀ alkoxyl, or C₁₋₂₀ thioalkoxyl, and optionallycontains 1 to 2 phenyl or biphenyl moieties in and/or at the end of thecarbon chain;

W is selected from the group consisting of H, —C(O)N(R^(W1))R^(W2),—C(O)OR^(W2), —(CH₂)_(c)OR^(W3), —(CH₂)_(c)SR^(W3),—(CH₂)_(c)O(CH₂)_(d)CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4),—(CH₂)_(c)S(CH₂)_(d)CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4),—C(O)N(R^(W1))(CH₂)_(c)CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4), and—C(O)N(R^(W1))(CH₂)_(c)CH(OR^(W3))(CH₂)_(e)OR^(W5), where each of c andd is an integer of 1 to 4, e is an integer of 2 to 4, R^(W1) is H orC₁₋₆ alkyl. R^(W2) is C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, or C₁₋₂₀ alkynyl, eachof R^(W3) and R^(W5) is, independently, H, C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₁ acyl,C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, or C₁₋₂₀ alkynyl, and R^(W4) is H, C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀alkenyl, or C₁₋₂₀ alkynyl, where each of R^(W2), R^(W3), R^(W4), andR^(W5) is optionally substituted with halo, hydroxyl, C₁₋₂₁ acyloxy,oxo, C₁₋₂₀ alkoxyl, or C₁₋₂₀ thioalkoxyl, optionally contains 1 to 2phenyl or biphenyl moieties in and/or at the end of the carbon chain,and optionally contains 1 to 4 non-vicinal oxygen atoms in the carbonchain; and

U is selected from the group consisting of

where

f is an integer of 1 to 4, g is an integer of 0 to 1,

each of R^(U1), R^(U2), and R^(U3) is, independently, H, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl, oroptionally substituted C₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl, or R^(U1) is H oroptionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl and R^(U2) and R^(U3) together withthe carbon atom they are bonded to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆aliphatic ring, or R^(U2) is H and R^(U3) and R^(U1) together with thecarbon atom bonded to R^(U3) and the nitrogen atom bonded to R^(U1) forman optionally substituted 4-6-membered heterocyclic ring,

R^(U4) is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂R^(U5), —C(O)R^(U6),—C(O)NH(R^(U7)), and C(O)O(R^(U8)), where each of R^(U5), R^(U6),R^(U7), and R^(U8) is selected from the group consisting of optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl,optionally substituted C₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substitutedC₆₋₁₀ aryl, and optionally substituted C₁₋₉ heterocyclyl, or R^(U4) is apeptide chain of 1 to 10 natural or non-natural amino acids, or mixturethereof, linked via the C-terminal end and substituted at the N-terminalend of the peptide with a group selected from H, —CH₂R^(U5),—C(O)R^(U6), C(O)NH(R^(U7)), and C(O)O(R^(U8)), where each of R^(U5),R^(U6), R^(U7), and R^(U8) is as defined above, and

R^(U5) is a peptide chain of 1 to 10 natural or non-natural amino acids,or mixture thereof, linked via the N-terminal end and the C-terminal endis CO₂R^(U9), or CONR^(U10)R^(U11), where each of R^(U9), R^(U10), andR^(U11) is selected from the group consisting of H, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl,optionally substituted C₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substitutedC₆₋₁₀ aryl, and optionally substituted C₁₋₉ heterocyclyl.

In a second aspect, the invention features a compound of formula II:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, where each ofa, b, U, X, and W is as defined above for the compound of formula I;each of R¹, R², and R³ is, independently, H or C₁₋₄ alkyl; R⁴ is H,optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl,or optionally substituted C₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl; and R⁵ is CO₂H, SO₃H,OP(O)(OH)₂, OSO₃H, or 5-tetrazolyl.

In an embodiment of either the first or second aspect of the invention,X or W contains at least one linear alkyl moiety of 7 or more carbons.Preferably, each of X and W contains at least one linear alkyl moiety of7 or more carbons.

Examples of compounds of the invention where W contains at least onelinear alkyl moiety of 7 or more carbons include those compound in whichW is selected from the group consisting of: —C(O)NH(CH₂)₂CH(OH)R^(W4),where R^(W4) is C₇₋₁₉ alkyl; —C(O)NH(CH₂)₂CH₂OR^(W3), where R^(W3) is—C(O)(CH₂).CH₃ and where aa is an integer of 6 to 18; and—C(O)NH(CH₂)₂CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4), where R^(W3) is —C(O)(CH₂)_(aa)CH₃ andR^(W4) is CH₂OC(O)(CH₂)_(bb)CH₃, where each of aa and bb is,independently, an integer of 6 to 18.

In another embodiment of either the first or second aspect of theinvention, U is C(O)C(R^(U2))(R^(U3))NHR^(U4) or —C(O)(CH₂)_(f)NHR^(U4),where f is an integer of 1 to 4, R^(U2) is an optionally substitutedC₁₋₆alkyl, R^(U3) is H, and R^(U4) is an optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl or an optionally substituted C₂₋₉ heterocyclyl. Examples includethose compounds in which R^(U4) is

whereR^(U12) is optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, optionally substitutedC₆₋₁₀ aryloxy, optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl, optionallysubstituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkoxy, optionally substituted C₂₋₉ heterocyclyl,optionally substituted C₂₋₉ heterocyclyloxy, optionally substitutedC₃₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl, or optionally substituted C₃₋₁₅heterocyclylalkyloxy. Most preferably, R^(U4) is selected from the groupconsisting of:

Other compounds of the invention include those selected from the groupconsisting of:

In a third aspect, the invention features a compound having the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein

i is an integer of 1 to 4

R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

Z is selected from the group consisting of —NR^(Z1)V, —N(R^(Z1))C(O)V,—N(R^(Z1))C(S)V, —N(R^(Z1))C(O)N(R^(Z2))V, —N(R^(Z1))C(S)N(R^(Z2))V,—N(R^(Z1))C(O)OV, and —N(R^(Z1))S(O)₂V, where each of R^(Z1) and R^(Z2)is, independently, H or C₁₋₄ alkyl, and V is a C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀alkenyl, or C₁₋₂₀ alkynyl group, optionally substituted with halo,hydroxyl, C₁₋₂₁ acyloxy, oxo, C₁₋₂₀ alkoxyl, or C₁₋₂₀ thioalkoxyl andoptionally contains 1 to 2 phenyl or biphenyl moieties in and/or at theend of the carbon chain;

R⁷ is C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, or C₁₋₂₀ alkynyl, optionallysubstituted with halo, hydroxyl, C₁₋₂₁ acyloxy, oxo, C₁₋₂₀ alkoxyl, orC₁₋₂₀ thioalkoxyl and optionally contains 1 to 2 phenyl or biphenylmoieties in and/or at the end of the carbon chain;

each of R⁸ and R⁹ is, independently H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl, or optionally substitutedC₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl, or R⁸ and R⁹ together with the carbon atom theyare bonded to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₄ aliphatic ring; and

T is OR^(T1), NR^(T2)R^(T3), or a peptide chain of 1 to 10 natural ornon-natural amino acids, or mixture thereof, linked via the N-terminalend and the C-terminal end is CO₂R^(T1), or CONR^(T2)R^(T3), whereineach of R^(T1), R^(T2), and R^(T3) is selected from the group consistingof H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, optionally substitutedC₇₋₁₆ aralkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl,optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, and optionally substituted C₁₋₉heterocyclyl.

The invention also features a pharmaceutical composition that includesany of the compounds of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient. The pharmaceutical compositions of the inventions can be usedto treat or prevent a disease or condition characterized by Toll-likereceptor 2 activation in a mammal, such as, for example, a humanpatient. Accordingly, the invention features a method for treating orpreventing a disease in a mammal having, or predisposed to having, acondition characterized by Toll-like receptor 2 activation that includesadministering a compound of formula I or formula II to the mammal in anamount sufficient to treat or prevent the disease or condition. Thetherapeutic methods of the invention can also involve administration ofone or more compounds that is selective for TLR2 over, for example,TLR4, as well as methods involving administration of TLR2/TLR4 dualantagonists.

Examples of diseases or conditions characterized by TLR2 activation andthat can be treated according to the invention include inflammatorybowel disease, sepsis, periodontal disease, mucositis, acne,cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,arthritis, cystic fibrosis, bacterial-induced infections, viral-inducedinfections, mycoplasma-associated diseases, post-herpetic neuralgia,ischemia/reperfusion injury, asthma, stroke, brain injury, necrotizingenterocolitis, bed sores, leprosy, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, trauma,allergy, neurodegenerative disease, amphotericin B-induced fever andnephritis, coronary artery bypass grafting, and atherosclerosis.

The invention also includes methods for identifying agents that decreaseor inhibit activation of Toll-like receptor 2. These methods involve (i)contacting a cell expressing the receptor with a candidate agent in thepresence of an activator of the receptor (in vitro or in vivo) and (ii)determining the effect of the agent on activation of the receptor.Detection of a decrease in activation of the receptor by the activatorin the presence of the agent indicates the identification of agent thatcan be used to decrease or inhibit activation of the receptor. In thesemethods, the effect of the agent on the activation of the receptor canbe determined by analysis of the expression of a reporter gene that isunder the control of a promoter that is induced in a signaling pathwaytriggered by activation of the receptor.

The terms “acyl” or “alkanoyl,” as used interchangeably herein,represent an alkyl group, as defined herein, or hydrogen attached to theparent molecular group through a carbonyl group, as defined herein, andis exemplified by formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butanoyl and the like.Exemplary unsubstituted acyl groups are of 2 to 21 carbons.

The term “acyloxy” represents an alkyl group, as defined herein,attached to the parent molecular group through a carbonyl group and anoxygen atom. Exemplary acyloxy groups are of 2 to 21 carbons.

The term “alkenyl,” as used herein, represents monovalent straight orbranched chain groups of, unless otherwise specified, from 2 to 20carbons containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds and isexemplified by ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl,1-butenyl, 2-butenyl and the like and may be optionally substituted withone, two, three or four substituents independently selected from thegroup consisting of: (1) alkoxy of one to twenty carbon atoms; (2)alkylsulfinyl of one to twenty carbon atoms; (3) alkylsulfonyl of one totwenty carbon atoms; (4) amino; (5) aryl; (6) arylalkoxy, where thealkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms; (7) aryloyl; (8) azido;(9) carboxaldehyde; (10) cycloalkyl of three to eight carbon atoms; (11)halo; (12) heterocycle; (13) (heterocycle)oxy; (14) (heterocycle)oyl;(15) hydroxy; (16) N-protected amino; (17) nitro; (18) oxo; (19)spiroalkyl of three to eight carbon atoms; (20) thioalkoxy of one totwenty carbon atoms; (21) thiol; (22) —CO₂R^(A), where R^(A) is selectedfrom the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, (b) substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, (c) substituted or unsubstituted C₆ or C₁₀aryl, (d) substituted or unsubstituted C₇₋₁₆ arylalkyl, where thealkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms, (e) substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₉ heterocyclyl, and (f) substituted or unsubstitutedC₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twentycarbon atoms; (23) —C(O)NR^(B)R^(C), where each of R^(B) and R^(C) is,independently, selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, (b)alkyl, (c) aryl, and (d) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of oneto twenty carbon atoms; (24) —S(O)₂R^(D), where R^(D) is selected fromthe group consisting of (a) alkyl, (b) aryl, and (c) arylalkyl, wherethe alkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms; (25)—S(O)₂NR^(E)R^(F), where each of R^(E) and R^(F) is, independently,selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, (b) alkyl, (c) aryl,and (d) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbonatoms; and (26) —NR^(G)R^(H), where each of R^(G) and R^(H) is,independently, selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, (b)an N-protecting group, (c) alkyl of one to twenty carbon atoms, (d)alkenyl of two to twenty carbon atoms, (e) alkynyl of two to twentycarbon atoms, (f) aryl, (g) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is ofone to twenty carbon atoms, (h) cycloalkyl of three to eight carbonatoms, and (i) cycloalkylalkyl, where the cycloalkyl group is of threeto eight carbon atoms, and the alkylene group is of one to ten carbonatoms, with the proviso that no two groups are bound to the nitrogenatom through a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group.

The terms “alkoxy” or “alkyloxy,” as used interchangeably herein,represent an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular group throughan oxygen atom. Exemplary unsubstituted alkoxy groups are of 1 to 20carbons.

The term “alkyl,” as used herein, represents a monovalent group derivedfrom a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon of, unlessotherwise specified, from 1 to 20 carbons and is exemplified by methyl,ethyl, n- and iso-propyl, n-, see-, iso- and tert-butyl, neopentyl andthe like and may be optionally substituted with one, two, three or, inthe case of alkyl groups of two carbons or more, four substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of: (1) alkoxy of oneto twenty carbon atoms; (2) alkylsulfinyl of one to twenty carbon atoms;(3) alkylsulfonyl of one to twenty carbon atoms; (4) amino; (5) aryl;(6) arylalkoxy; (7) aryloyl; (8) azido; (9) carboxaldehyde; (10)cycloalkyl of three to eight carbon atoms; (11) halo; (12) heterocyclyl;(13) (heterocycle)oxy; (14) (heterocycle)oyl; (15) hydroxyl; (16)N-protected amino; (17) nitro; (1 8) oxo; (19) spiroalkyl of three toeight carbon atoms; (20) thioalkoxy of one to twenty carbon atoms; (21)thiol; (22) —CO₂R^(A), where R^(A) is selected from the group consistingof (a) hydrogen, (b) substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, (c)substituted or unsubstituted C₆ or C₁₀ aryl, (d) substituted orunsubstituted C₇₋₁₆ arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one totwenty carbon atoms, (e) substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₉ heterocyclyl,and (f) substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl, where thealkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms; (23) —C(O)NR^(B)R^(C),where each of R^(B) and R^(C) is, independently, selected from the groupconsisting of (a) hydrogen, (b) alkyl, (c) aryl, and (d) arylalkyl,where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms; (24)—S(O)₂R^(D), where R^(D) is selected from the group consisting of (a)alkyl, (b) aryl, and (c) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of oneto twenty carbon atoms; (25) —S(O)₂NR^(E)R^(F), where each of R^(E) andR^(F) is, independently, selected from the group consisting of (a)hydrogen, (b) alkyl, (c) aryl, and (d) arylalkyl, where the alkylenegroup is of one to twenty carbon atoms; and (26) —NR^(G)R^(H), whereeach of R^(G) and R^(H) is, independently, selected from the groupconsisting of (a) hydrogen, (b) an N-protecting group, (c) alkyl of oneto twenty carbon atoms, (d) alkenyl of two to twenty carbon atoms, (e)alkynyl of two to twenty carbon atoms, (f) aryl, (g) arylalkyl, wherethe alkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms, (h) cycloalkyl ofthree to eight carbon atoms, and (i) cycloalkylalkyl, where thecycloalkyl group is of three to eight carbon atoms, and the alkylenegroup is of one to ten carbon atoms, with the proviso that no two groupsare bound to the nitrogen atom through a carbonyl group or a sulfonylgroup.

The term “alkylene,” as used herein, represents a saturated divalenthydrocarbon group derived from a straight or branched chain saturatedhydrocarbon by the removal of two hydrogen atoms, and is exemplified bymethylene, ethylene, isopropylene and the like.

The term “alkylthio,” as used herein, represents an alkyl group attachedto the parent molecular group through a sulfur atom. Exemplaryunsubstituted alkylthio groups are of 1 to 20 carbons.

The term “alkynyl,” as used herein, represents monovalent straight orbranched chain groups of 2 to 20 carbon atoms containing a carbon-carbontriple bond and is exemplified by ethynyl, 1-propynyl, and the like andmay be optionally substituted with one, two, three or four substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of: (1) alkoxy of oneto twenty carbon atoms; (2) alkylsulfinyl of one to twenty carbon atoms;(3) alkylsulfonyl of one to twenty carbon atoms; (4) amino; (5) aryl;(6) arylalkoxy, where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbonatoms; (7) aryloyl; (8) azido; (9) carboxaldehyde; (10) cycloalkyl ofthree to eight carbon atoms; (11) halo; (12) heterocycle; (13)(heterocycle)oxy; (14) (heterocycle)oyl; (15) hydroxy; (16) N-protectedamino; (17) nitro; (18) oxo; (19) spiroalkyl of three to eight carbonatoms; (20) thioalkoxy of one to twenty carbon atoms; (21) thiol; (22)—CO₂R^(A), where R^(A) is selected from the group consisting of (a)alkyl, (b) aryl and (c) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one totwenty carbon atoms; (23) —C(O)NR^(B)R^(C), where each of R^(B) andR^(C) is, independently, selected from the group consisting of (a)hydrogen, (b) alkyl, (c) aryl, and (d) arylalkyl, where the alkylenegroup is of one to twenty carbon atoms; (24) —S(O)₂R^(D), where R^(D) isselected from the group consisting of (a) alkyl, (b) aryl, and (c)arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms;(25) —S(O)₂NR^(E)R^(F), where each of R^(E) and R^(F) is, independently,selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, (b) alkyl, (c) aryl,and (d) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbonatoms; and (26) —NR^(G)R^(H), where each of R^(G) and R^(H) is,independently, selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, (b)an N-protecting group, (c) alkyl of one to twenty carbon atoms, (d)alkenyl of two to twenty carbon atoms, (e) alkynyl of two to twentycarbon atoms, (f) aryl, (g) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is ofone to twenty carbon atoms, (h) cycloalkyl of three to eight carbonatoms, and (i) cycloalkylalkyl, where the cycloalkyl group is of threeto eight carbon atoms, and the alkylene group is of one to ten carbonatoms, with the proviso that no two groups are bound to the nitrogenatom through a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group.

The term “alpha-amino acid residue,” as used herein, represents a—N(R^(A))C(R^(B))(R^(C))C(O)— linkage, where R^(A) is selected from thegroup consisting of (a) hydrogen, (b) alkyl, (c) aryl, and (d)arylalkyl, as defined herein; and each of R^(B) and R^(C) is,independently, selected from the group consisting of: (a) hydrogen, (b)optionally substituted alkyl, (c) optionally substituted cycloalkyl, (d)optionally substituted aryl, (e) optionally substituted arylalkyl, (f)optionally substituted heterocyclyl, and (g) optionally substitutedheterocyclylalkyl, each of which is as defined herein. For natural aminoacids, R^(B) is H and R^(C) corresponds to those side chains of naturalamino acids found in nature, or their antipodal configurations.Exemplary natural amino acids include alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid,glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine,leucine, methionine, aspartamine, ornithine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, each ofwhich, except glycine, as their D- or L-form. As used herein, for themost part, the names of naturally-occurring amino acids and aminoacylresidues used herein follow the naming conventions suggested by theIUPAC Commission on the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry and theIUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature as set out inNomenclature of α-Amino Acids (Recommendations, 1974), Biochemistry 14(2), 1975. The present invention also contemplates non-naturallyoccurring (i.e., non-natural) amino acid residues in their D- or L-formsuch as, for example, homophenylalanine, phenylglycine,cyclohexylglycine, cyclohexylalanine, cyclopentyl alanine,cyclobutylalanine, cyclopropylalanine, cyclohexylglycine, norvaline,norleucine, thiazoylalanine (2-, 4-, and 5-substituted), pyridylalanine(2-, 3-, and 4-isomers), naphthalalanine (1- and 2-isomers) and thelike. Non-natural amino acids also include beta-amino acids, optionallysubstituted at the alpha or beta or both alpha and beta positions,independently, with R^(A) and R^(B), as described above.

The term “amino,” as used herein, represents an —NH₂ group.

The term “aryl,” as used herein, represents a mono- or bicycliccarbocyclic ring system having one or two aromatic rings and isexemplified by phenyl, naphthyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthyl,1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, indenyl and the like andmay be optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or fivesubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of: (1)alkanoyl of one to twenty carbon atoms; (2) alkyl of one to twentycarbon atoms; (3) alkoxy of one to twenty carbon atoms; (4) alkoxyalkyl,where the alkyl and alkylene groups are independently of one to twentycarbon atoms; (5) alkylsulfinyl of one to twenty carbon atoms; (6)alkylsulfinylalkyl, where the alkyl and alkylene groups areindependently of one to twenty carbon atoms; (7) alkylsulfonyl of one totwenty carbon atoms; (8) alkylsulfonylalkyl, where the alkyl andalkylene groups are independently of one to twenty carbon atoms; (9)aryl; (10) arylalkyl, where the alkyl group is of one to twenty carbonatoms; (11) amino; (12) aminoalkyl of one to twenty carbon atoms; (13)aryl; (14) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twentycarbon atoms; (15) aryloyl; (16) azido; (17) azidoalkyl of one to twentycarbon atoms; (18) carboxaldehyde; (19) (carboxaldehyde)alkyl, where thealkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms; (20) cycloalkyl ofthree to eight carbon atoms; (21) cycloalkylalkyl, where the cycloalkylgroup is of three to eight carbon atoms and the alkylene group is of oneto ten carbon atoms; (22) halo; (23) haloalkyl of one to twenty carbonatoms; (24) heterocyclyl; (25) (heterocyclyl)oxy; (26)(heterocyclyl)oyl; (27) hydroxy; (28) hydroxyalkyl of one to twentycarbon atoms; (29) nitro; (30) nitroalkyl of one to twenty carbon atoms;(31) N-protected amino; (32) N-protected aminoalkyl, where the alkylenegroup is of one to twenty carbon atoms; (33) oxo; (34) thioalkoxy of oneto twenty carbon atoms; (35) thioalkoxyalkyl, where the alkyl andalkylene groups are independently of one to twenty carbon atoms; (36)—(CH₂)_(q)CO₂R^(A), where q is an integer of zero to four and R^(A) isselected from the group consisting of (a) alkyl, (b) aryl, and (c)arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms;(37) —(CH₂)_(q)CONR^(B)R^(C), where R^(B) and R^(C) are independentlyselected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, (b) alkyl, (c) aryl,and (d) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbonatoms; (38) —(CH₂)_(q)S(O)₂R^(D), where R^(D) is selected from the groupconsisting of (a) alkyl, (b) aryl, and (c) arylalkyl, where the alkylenegroup is of one to twenty carbon atoms; (39) —(CH₂)_(q)S(O)₂NR^(E)R^(F),where each of R^(E) and R^(F) is, independently, selected from the groupconsisting of (a) hydrogen, (b) alkyl, (c) aryl, and (d) arylalkyl,where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms; (40)—(CH₂)_(q)NR^(G)R^(H), where each of R^(G) and R^(H) is, independently,selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, (b) an N-protectinggroup, (c) alkyl of one to twenty carbon atoms, (d) alkenyl of two totwenty carbon atoms, (e) alkynyl of two to twenty carbon atoms, (f)aryl, (g) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbonatoms, (h) cycloalkyl of three to eight carbon atoms, and (i)cycloalkylalkyl, where the cycloalkyl group is of three to eight carbonatoms, and the alkylene group is of one to ten carbon atoms, with theproviso that no two groups are bound to the nitrogen atom through acarbonyl group or a sulfonyl group; (41) oxo; (42) thiol; (43)perfluoroalkyl; (44) perfluoroalkoxy; (45) aryloxy; (46) cycloalkoxy;(47) cycloalkylalkoxy; and (48) arylalkoxy.

The terms “arylalkyl” or “aralkyl,” as used interchangeably herein,represent an aryl group attached to the parent molecular group throughan alkyl group. Exemplary unsubstituted arylalkyl groups are of 7 to 16carbons.

The term “aryloxy,” as used herein, represents an aryl group that isattached to the parent molecular group through an oxygen atom. Exemplaryunsubstituted aryloxy groups are of 6 or 10 carbons.

The terms “aryloyl” or “aroyl,” as used interchangeably herein,represent an aryl group that is attached to the parent molecular groupthrough a carbonyl group. Exemplary unsubstituted aryloxycarbonyl groupsare of 7 or 11 carbons.

The term “carbonyl” as used herein, represents a C═O group.

The term “carboxy” or “carboxyl,” as used interchangeably herein,represents a —CO₂H group.

The terms “carboxy protecting group” or “carboxyl protecting group,” asused herein, represent those groups intended to protect a —CO₂H groupagainst undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures. Commonly usedcarboxy-protecting groups are disclosed in Greene, “Protective Groups InOrganic Synthesis, 3rd Edition” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999),which is incorporated herein by reference.

The phrase “compound selective for antagonism of Toll-like receptor 2over Toll-like receptor 4” is used to describe those compounds that havean IC₅₀ value when tested by the TLR2 in vitro assay described hereinthat is less than the IC₅₀ value obtained when the compound is tested bythe TLR4 in vitro assay described herein.

The term “cycloalkyl,” as used herein, represents a monovalent saturatedor unsaturated non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group of three to eightcarbons, unless otherwise specified, and is exemplified by cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, bicyclo[2.2.1.]heptyland the like. The cycloalkyl groups of this invention can be optionallysubstituted with (1) alkanoyl of one to twenty carbon atoms; (2) alkylof one to twenty carbon atoms; (3) alkoxy of one to twenty carbon atoms;(4) alkoxyalkyl, where the alkyl and alkylene groups are independentlyof one to twenty carbon atoms; (5) alkylsulfinyl of one to twenty carbonatoms; (6) alkylsulfinylalkyl, where the alkyl and alkylene groups areindependently of one to twenty carbon atoms; (7) alkylsulfonyl of one totwenty carbon atoms; (8) alkylsulfonylalkyl, where the alkyl andalkylene groups are independently of one to twenty carbon atoms; (9)aryl; (10) arylalkyl, where the alkyl group is of one to twenty carbonatoms; (11) amino; (12) aminoalkyl of one to twenty carbon atoms; (13)aryl; (14) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twentycarbon atoms; (15) aryloyl; (16) azido; (17) azidoalkyl of one to twentycarbon atoms; (18) carboxaldehyde; (19) (carboxaldehyde)alkyl, where thealkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms; (20) cycloalkyl ofthree to eight carbon atoms; (21) cycloalkylalkyl, where the cycloalkylgroup is of three to eight carbon atoms and the alkylene group is of oneto ten carbon atoms; (22) halo; (23) haloalkyl of one to twenty carbonatoms; (24) heterocyclyl; (25) (heterocyclyl)oxy; (26)(heterocyclyl)oyl; (27) hydroxy; (28) hydroxyalkyl of one to twentycarbon atoms; (29) nitro; (30) nitroalkyl of one to twenty carbon atoms;(31) N-protected amino; (32) N-protected aminoalkyl, where the alkylenegroup is of one to twenty carbon atoms; (33) oxo; (34) thioalkoxy of oneto twenty carbon atoms; (35) thioalkoxyalkyl, where the alkyl andalkylene groups are independently of one to twenty carbon atoms; (36)—(CH₂)_(q)CO₂R^(A), where q is an integer of zero to four and R^(A) isselected from the group consisting of (a) alkyl, (b) aryl, and (c)arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms;(37) —(CH₂)_(q)CONR^(B)R^(C), where each of R^(B) and R^(C) is,independently, selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, (b)alkyl, (c) aryl, and (d) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of oneto twenty carbon atoms; (38) —(CH₂)_(q)S(O)₂R^(D), where R^(D) isselected from the group consisting of (a) alkyl, (b) aryl, and (c)arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms;(39) —(CH₂)_(q)S(O)₂NR^(E)R^(F), where each of R^(E) and R^(F) is,independently, selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, (b)alkyl, (c) aryl, and (d) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of oneto twenty carbon atoms; (40) —(CH₂)_(q)NR^(G)R^(H), where each of R^(G)and R^(H) is, independently, selected from the group consisting of (a)hydrogen; (b) an N-protecting group; (c) alkyl of one to twenty carbonatoms; (d) alkenyl of two to twenty carbon atoms; (e) alkynyl of two totwenty carbon atoms; (f) aryl; (g) arylalkyl, where the alkylene groupis of one to twenty carbon atoms; (h) cycloalkyl of three to eightcarbon atoms and (i) cycloalkylalkyl, where the cycloalkyl group is ofthree to eight carbon atoms, and the alkylene group is of one to tencarbon atoms, with the proviso that no two groups are bound to thenitrogen atom through a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group; (41) oxo;(42) thiol; (43) perfluoroalkyl; (44) perfluoroalkoxy; (45) aryloxy;(46) cycloalkoxy; (47) cycloalkylalkoxy; and (48) arylalkoxy.

The term “halogen” or “halo,” as used interchangeably herein, representsF, Cl, Br, and I.

The term “heteroaryl,” as used herein, represents that subset ofheterocycles, as defined herein, which are aromatic: i.e., they contain4n+2 pi electrons within the mono- or multicyclic ring system. Exemplaryunsubstituted heteroaryl groups are of 1 to 9 carbons.

The terms “heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl,” as used interchangeablyherein, represent a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring, unless otherwisespecified, containing one, two, three, or four heteroatoms independentlyselected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The5-membered ring has zero to two double bonds and the 6- and 7-memberedrings have zero to three double bonds. The term “heterocycle” alsoincludes bicyclic, tricyclic, and tetracyclic groups in which any of theabove heterocyclic rings is fused to one or two rings independentlyselected from the group consisting of an aryl ring, a cyclohexane ring,a cyclohexene ring, a cyclopentane ring, a cyclopentene ring, andanother monocyclic heterocyclic ring such as indolyl, quinolyl,isoquinolyl, tetrahydroquinolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl and the like.Heterocyclics include pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl,pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl,pyridyl, piperidinyl, homopiperidinyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl,pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolyl,isoxazolidiniyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolyl, thiazolidinyl,isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl,benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furyl, thienyl,thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isoindazoyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl,oxadiazolyl, uricyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrimidyl, tetrahydrofuranyl,dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydroinidolyl,tetrahydroquinolyl, tetrahydroisoquinolyl, pyranyl, dihydropyranyl,dithiazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, and the like. Heterocyclicgroups also include compounds of the formula

F′ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—, —CH₂O—, and —O—, andG′ is selected from the group consisting of —C(O)— and—(C(R′)(R″))_(v)—, where each of R′ and R″ is, independently, selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen or alkyl of one to four carbonatoms, and v is one to three and includes groups such as1,3-benzodioxolyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl and the like. Any of theheterocycle groups mentioned herein may be optionally substituted withone, two, three, four, or five substituents independently selected fromthe group consisting of: (1) alkanoyl of one to twenty carbon atoms; (2)alkyl of one to twenty carbon atoms; (3) alkoxy of one to twenty carbonatoms; (4) alkoxyalkyl, where the alkyl and alkylene groups areindependently of one to twenty carbon atoms; (5) alkylsulfinyl of one totwenty carbon atoms; (6) alkylsulfinylalkyl, where the alkyl andalkylene groups are independently of one to twenty carbon atoms; (7)alkylsulfonyl of one to twenty carbon atoms; (8) alkylsulfonylalkyl,where the alkyl and alkylene groups are independently of one to twentycarbon atoms; (9) aryl; (10) arylalkyl, where the alkyl group is of oneto twenty carbon atoms; (11) amino; (12) aminoalkyl of one to twentycarbon atoms; (13) aryl; (14) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is ofone to twenty carbon atoms; (15) aryloyl; (16) azido; (17) azidoalkyl ofone to twenty carbon atoms; (18) carboxaldehyde; (19)(carboxaldehyde)alkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twentycarbon atoms; (20) cycloalkyl of three to eight carbon atoms; (21)cycloalkylalkyl, where the cycloalkyl group is of three to eight carbonatoms and the alkylene group is of one to ten carbon atoms; (22) halo;(23) haloalkyl of one to twenty carbon atoms; (24) heterocycle; (25)(heterocycle)oxy; (26) (heterocycle)oyl; (27) hydroxy; (28) hydroxyalkylof one to twenty carbon atoms; (29) nitro; (30) nitroalkyl of one totwenty carbon atoms; (31) N-protected amino; (32) N-protectedaminoalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms;(33) oxo; (34) thioalkoxy of one to twenty carbon atoms; (35)thioalkoxyalkyl, where the alkyl and alkylene groups are independentlyof one to twenty carbon atoms; (36) —(CH₂)_(q)CO₂R^(A), where q is aninteger of zero to four and R^(A) is selected from the group consistingof (a) alkyl, (b) aryl, and (c) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group isof one to twenty carbon atoms; (37) —(CH₂)_(q)CONR^(B)R^(C), where eachof R^(B) and R^(C) is, independently, selected from the group consistingof (a) hydrogen, (b) alkyl, (c) aryl, and (d) arylalkyl, where thealkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms; (38)—(CH₂)_(q)S(O)₂R^(D), where R^(D) is selected from the group consistingof (a) alkyl, (b) aryl, and (c) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group isof one to twenty carbon atoms; (39) —(CH₂)_(q)S(O)₂NR^(E)R^(F), whereeach of R^(E) and R^(F) is, independently, selected from the groupconsisting of (a) hydrogen, (b) alkyl, (c) aryl, and (d) arylalkyl,where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbon atoms; (40)—(CH₂)_(q)NR^(G)R^(H), where each of R^(G) and R^(H) is, independently,selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen; (b) an N-protectinggroup; (c) alkyl of one to twenty carbon atoms; (d) alkenyl of two totwenty carbon atoms; (e) alkynyl of two to twenty carbon atoms; (f)aryl; (g) arylalkyl, where the alkylene group is of one to twenty carbonatoms; (h) cycloalkyl of three to eight carbon atoms and (i)cycloalkylalkyl, where the cycloalkyl group is of three to eight carbonatoms, and the alkylene group is of one to ten carbon atoms, with theproviso that no two groups are bound to the nitrogen atom through acarbonyl group or a sulfonyl group; (41) oxo; (42) thiol; (43)perfluoroalkyl; (44) perfluoroalkoxy; (45) aryloxy; (46) cycloalkoxy;(47) cycloalkylalkoxy; and (48) arylalkoxy.

The term “heterocyclyloxy,” as used herein, represents a hetercyclylgroup which is attached to the parent molecular group through an oxygenatom.

The term “hydroxy” or “hydroxyl,” as used interchangeably herein,represents an —OH group.

The term “N-protected amino,” as used herein, refers to an amino group,as defined herein, to which is attached an N-protecting ornitrogen-protecting group, as defined herein.

The terms “N-protecting group,” “nitrogen protecting group,” or “aminoprotecting group,” as used herein, represent those groups intended toprotect an amino group against undesirable reactions during syntheticprocedures. Commonly used N-protecting groups are disclosed in Greene,“Protective Groups In Organic Synthesis, 3d Edition” (John Wiley & Sons,New York, 1999), which is incorporated herein by reference. N-protectinggroups comprise acyl, aroyl, or carbamyl groups such as formyl, acetyl,propionyl, pivaloyl, t-butylacetyl, 2-chloroacetyl, 2-bromoacetyl,trifluoroacetyl, trichloroacetyl, phthalyl, o-nitrophenoxyacetyl,α-chlorobutyryl, benzoyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, 4-bromobenzoyl,4-nitrobenzoyl, and chiral auxiliaries such as protected or unprotectedL- or D-amino acids such as alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, and thelike; sulfonyl groups such as benzenesulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl and thelike; carbamate forming groups such as benzyloxycarbonyl,p-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl,p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl,p-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl,3,5-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl,4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl,3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl,1-(p-biphenylyl)-1-methylethoxycarbonyl,α,α-dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, benzhydryloxycarbonyl,t-butyloxycarbonyl, diisopropylmethoxycarbonyl, isopropyloxycarbonyl,ethoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl,2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, 4-nitrophenoxy carbonyl,fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl, cyclopentyloxycarbonyl,adamantyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexyloxycarbonyl, phenylthiocarbonyl, and thelike, arylalkyl groups such as benzyl, triphenylmethyl, benzyloxymethyl,and the like and silyl groups such as trimethylsilyl and the like.Preferred N-protecting groups are formyl, acetyl, benzoyl, pivaloyl,t-butylacetyl, alanyl, phenylsulfonyl, benzyl, t-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc),and benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz).

The term “non-vicinal oxygen atoms” refers to oxygen atoms that are notbonded to the same carbon atom.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt,” as use herein, refers tothose salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement,suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and animalswithout undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like andare commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge etal. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J.Pharmaceutical Sciences 66:1-19, 1977. The salts can be prepared in situduring the final isolation and purification of a compound of theinvention or separately by reacting the free base group with a suitableorganic acid. Representative acid addition salts include acetate,adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate,bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphersulfonate, citrate,cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate,fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptonate,hexanoate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroiodide,2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, laurylsulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate,2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate,pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate,pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate,thiocyanate, toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and thelike. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts includesodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and the like, as well asnontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations, including,but not limited to ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium,methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylamine,and the like. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable ester,” as usedherein, represents esters that hydrolyze in vivo and include those thatbreak down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or asalt thereof. Suitable ester groups include, for example, those derivedfrom pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids,particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic, and alkanedioic acids,in which each alkyl or alkenyl group preferably has not more than 6carbon atoms. Examples of particular esters include formates, acetates,propionates, butyates, acrylates, and ethylsuccinates.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs,” as used herein, meansprodrugs of the compounds of the present invention which are, within thescope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with thetissues of humans and animals with undue toxicity, irritation, allergicresponse, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/riskratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionicforms, where possible, of the compounds of the invention.

The term “phenyl” means an aromatic ring containing 6 carbons. Phenylrings can be optionally substituted. When a phenyl ring is in a carbonchain it is part of the carbon chain linkage (i.e., the phenyl ring isbonded to the chain at two positions in either an ortho, meta, or parafashion). When a phenyl ring is at the end of a carbon chain, it isbonded to the end of the carbon chain.

The term “prodrug,” as used herein, represents compounds that aretransformed in vivo into a parent compound of the above formula, forexample, by hydrolysis in blood. A thorough discussion of prodrugs isprovided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, “Pro-drugs as Novel DeliverySystems,” Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, Edward B. Roche, ed.,“Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design,” American PharmaceuticalAssociation and Pergamon Press, 1987, and Judkins et al., SyntheticCommunications 26(23):4351-4367, 1996, each of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

The term “sulfonyl,” as used herein, represents —S(O)₂—.

By “thiol” is meant an —SH group.

Asymmetric or chiral centers may exist in the compounds of the presentinvention. The present invention includes the various stereoisomers andmixtures thereof. Individual stereoisomers of compounds or the presentinvention may be prepared synthetically from commercially availablestarting materials that contain asymmetric or chiral centers or bypreparation of mixtures of enantiometic compounds followed by resolutionwell-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These methods ofresolution are exemplified by (1) attachment of a racemic mixture ofenantiomers, designated (+/−), to a chiral auxiliary, separation of theresulting diastereomers by recrystallization or chromatography andliberation of the optically pure product from the auxiliary, or (2)direct separation of the mixture of optical enantiomers on chiralchromatographic columns. Enantiomers are designated herein by thesymbols “R” or “S,” depending on the configuration of substituentsaround the chiral carbon atom, or are drawn by conventional means with abolded line defining a substituent above the plane of the page inthree-dimensional space and a hashed or dashed line defining asubstituent beneath the plane of the printed page in three-dimensionalspace. If no stereochemical designation is made, it is to be assumedthat the structure definition includes both stereochemicalpossibilities.

The invention provides several advantages. For example, as is notedabove, the invention provides an approach for treating inflammatorybowel disease, which can be a very painful and debilitating conditionthat is difficult to treat, and affects more than one million people inthe United States alone. The methods of the invention can also be usedto prevent or to treat other conditions associated with TLR2 activation,as is discussed elsewhere herein. Finally, the screening methods of theinvention provide straightforward approaches for identifying andcharacterizing agents that can be used in the prevention and treatmentof TLR2-associated diseases and conditions.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description and the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention is based in part on our discovery that animals that do notexpress Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) are protected from dextran sulfatesodium (DSS) induction of colitis, a model for inflammatory boweldisease (IBD). Based on this discovery, we concluded that agents thatblock activation of TLR2 can be used to treat or to prevent colitis andrelated diseases or conditions, as well as other diseases or conditionscharacterized by activation of TLR2. Accordingly, the invention providescompounds and methods for preventing or treating diseases or conditionsassociated with activation of TLR2, as well as methods for identifyingagents that decrease or inhibit activation of this receptor. Thecompounds and methods of the invention are described in further detail,as follows.

Preparation of TLR2 Inhibitors

A compound of formula I,

where X is —NHC(O)—; each of a and b is 1; W is—C(O)N(R^(W1))(CH₂)_(c)CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4), where c is 2, each of R^(W1)and R^(W4) is H, and each of U, V, and R^(W5) is as defined above can beprepared by a sequence of reactions shown in Scheme 1. Accordingly, acompound of formula III is epoxidized to produce a compound of formulaIV, and the epoxy group reacted with a cyano group, whichnucleophilically opens up the epoxide to produce a compound of formulaV. Methods of preparing chiral epoxides from achiral starting materialsare known to those skilled in the art and such methods would produce acompound of formula V of known configuration. Protection of the hydroxylgroup as the t-butyldiphenylsilyl ether, followed by reduction of thecyano group with Raney nickel, produces a compound of formula VII.Compounds of formula VIII can be prepared by coupling a compound offormula VII with the L- or D-form of N-Fmoc-serine. The hydroxyl groupderived from the serine can be subsequently reacted with phosphorylatingagent IX, and the intermediate phoshine oxidized with hydrogen peroxideto produce a compound of formula X. The Fmoc protecting group can beselectively removed with piperidine and the resulting amine acylatedwith an acyl chloride or coupled to a compound containing a carboxylgroup in a reaction mediated by a carbodiimide or other suitablecoupling reagent. Subsequent removal of the silyl protecting group withfluoride ion produces a compound of formula XI. Removal of the Bocprotecting group under acidic conditions (e.g., TFA or HCl/dioxane) andacylation, reductive amination, or sulfonation of the resulting amineresults in a compound of formula XII. Treatment with a Pd(0) catalystremoves the phosphonate allyl protecting group to produce a compound offormula XIII.

Examples of compounds of Formula XIII are shown in Table 1, where R′ isH, C2 has an (S)-configuration, and C3′ is an (R,S)-configurationalmixture, unless otherwise specified. TABLE 1 Compounds of formula XIII,where R¹ is H Compound No. U V R^(W4) ER810702

—(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃(R)-config. ER811133

—(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ ER811134

—(CH₂)₄CH₃ —(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ ER811392

—(CH₂)₂C₆H₅ —(CH₂)₉CH₃ ER811393

—(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ —(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ ER811394

—(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₉CH₃ ER811395

—(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ —(CH₂)₉CH₃ ER811254

—(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ —(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ ER811255

—(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ —(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ ER812011

—(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ —(CH₂)₁₂CH₃

Compounds of formula XV, where R^(W3) is a C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl,or C₁₋₂₀ alkynyl group, can be prepared in a manner analogous to thesynthetic route shown in Scheme I via a compound of formula XIV, whichcan be prepared by reacting a compound of formula V with an alkyl halideor an alkyl mesylate corresponding to R^(W3)-Hal or R^(W3)-OMs,respectively.

Compounds of formula XV, where R^(W3) is a C₁₋₂₁ acyl group, can beprepared as shown in Scheme 2 via a compound of formula XI. Compounds offormula XI can be N-deprotected under acidic conditions and then reactedwith a carboxylic acid using a coupling reagent to give a protectedphosphonate intermediate, which can be subsequently treated withcatalytic Pd(0), thereby removing the allyl protecting group to producethe compound of formula XV.

Examples of compounds of Formula XV, where R¹ is H, R^(W3) is an acylgroup, and C2 and C3′ have the S- and R-configuration, respectively,unless otherwise indicated are shown in Table 2. TABLE 2 Compounds offormula XV, where R¹ is H Compound No. U V R^(W3) R^(W4) ER809834

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₄CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809835

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809836

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809841

—(CH₂)₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809842

—(CH₂)₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809845

—(CH₂)₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809846

—(CH₂)₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809950

—(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809951

—(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809959

—(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ —C(O)CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809960

—(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₄CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809964

—(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —C(O)CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809965

—(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER810676

—(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₄CH₃ —(CH₂)₁₂CH₃(R,S)-mixture at C3′ ER810677

—(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₁₂CH₃(R,S)-mixture at C3′ ER810698

—CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER810699

—CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER810701

—CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808701

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃(R)-config. at C3′ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808839

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃(R)-config. at C2 —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃

Compounds of formula XV, where R^(W4) is H and R^(W3) is an acyl groupcan be prepared as shown in Scheme 3. Accordingly, N-Fmoc-L- or D-serinecan be reacted with TBDPS-protected propanolamine using an appropriatecoupling agent, such as a carbodiimide, to form a compound of formulaXVI. The choice of L- or D-serine determines the configuration at C2.The compound of formula XVI can be subsequently reacted withBoc-phosphorylating reagent IX, followed by oxidation with hydrogenperoxide to yield a phosphonate of formula XVII. The silyl protectinggroup is removed with tetrabutylammonium fluoride and the Boc protectinggroup removed under acidic conditions to yield a compound of formulaXIX. Acylation, reductive amination, or sulfonation of the amine of acompound of formula XIX gives a compound of formula XX. The hydroxylgroup of the compound of formula XX can be reacted with a compoundcontaining a carboxylic acid under coupling conditions to give acompound of formula XXI. Removal of the Fmoc-protecting group followedby coupling the resulting amine with a compound containing a carboxylicacid under coupling conditions gives a compound of formula XXIII.Removal of the allyl protecting group using catalytic palladiumtetrakistriphenylphosphine gives a compound of formula XXIV.

Examples of compounds of Formula XXIV are shown in Table 3, where R¹ isH and C2 has an (S)-configuration. TABLE 3 Compounds of formula XXIV,where R¹ is H Compound No. U V R^(W3) ER811203

—CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ ER811211

—(CH₂)₁₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ ER811212

—(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₄CH₃ ER811213

—(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₄CH₃ ER811214

—(CH₂)₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ ER811219

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)CH₃ ER811220

—(CH₂)₁₄CH₃ —C(O)CH₃ ER811221

—(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ —C(O)CH₃ ER811228

—(CH₂)₁₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₄CH₃ ER811232

—(CH₂)₁₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ ER811233

—(CH₂)₁₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ ER811237

—(CH₂)₁₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ ER811243

—(CH₂)₁₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ ER811244

—(CH₂)₁₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ ER811249

—(CH₂)₁₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ ER811250

—(CH₂)₁₄CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃

Compounds of formula I in which W is—C(O)N(R^(W1))(CH₂)_(c)CH(OR^(W3))(CH₂)_(e)OR^(W5), where each of c ande is 1, R^(W1) is H, R^(W5) is C₁₋₂₁ acyl, and each of U and V is asdefined above can be prepared by starting with (R)- or(S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol. Conversion of the hydroxylgroup to an amino group via mesylation, displacement with azide, andreduction of the azide to an amine gives a compound that, upon couplingto a serine derivative, gives a compound of formula XXV. Removal of theacetonide protecting group under acidic conditions and subsequentalkylation or acylation of the resulting hydroxyl groups (exhaustively,resulting in identical R^(W3) and R^(W5) groups, or selectively,resulting in different R^(W3) and R^(W5) groups) gives a compound offormula XXVI. This compound can be deprotected via a hydrogenationreaction and carried forward using the synthetic methodology previouslydescribed herein to give a compound of formula XXVIII.

Examples of a compound of formula XXVIII are ER811261 and ER811245.

For the preparation of compounds of formula I where W is H,N-Fmoc-glycinol can be reacted with a compound of formula IX, followedby subsequent reactions analogous to those shown in Scheme 1 to producea compound of formula XXIX.

Examples of compounds of formula XXIX, where R¹ is H, are shown in Table4. TABLE 4 Compounds of formula XXIX, where R¹ is H Compound No. U VER811230

—(CH₂)₁₄CH₃ ER811231

—(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ ER811246

ER811247

ER811248

ER811251

ER811252

ER811253

Compounds of formula I where W is —C(O)N(R^(W1))R^(W2) can be preparedby coupling HN(R^(W1))R^(W2) to an appropriately protected L- orD-serine analog to produce a compound of formula XXX, followed bysubsequent reactions analogous to those shown in Scheme 1 to produce acompound of formula XXXI. Examples of compounds of formula XXXI, whereeach of R¹ and R^(W1) is H and C2 has the S-configuration, unlessindicated otherwise, are shown in Table 4. TABLE 4 Compounds of formulaXXXI, where each of R¹ and R^(W1) is H

Compound No. U V R^(W2) ER811234

—(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₉CH₃ ER811132

—(CH₂)₁₈CH₃ —(CH₂)₉CH₃ ER811236

—(CH₂)₉CH₃

Compounds of formula I where W is —(CH₂)_(c)O(CH₂)_(d)CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4)can be prepared as shown in Scheme 3 using the methodology described inU.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20030153532 A1. A protectedserine analog is prepared by reaction L- or D-serine methyl ester withethyl benzimidate to produce the benzimidine of serine, which issubsequently reduced with DIBAL to produce the compound of formulaXXXII. The hydroxyl group of XXXII can be O-alkylated with the tosylateof formula XXXIII and the benzimidine removed by treatment withrefluxing 4M HCl to produce a compound of formula XXXV. Amino groupprotection or N-acylation produces a compound of formula XXXVI, which issubsequently reacted with a compound of formula IX to produce a compoundof formula XXXVII. By steps analogous to those described above in Scheme2, the compound of formula XXXVII is transformed to a compound offormula XXXVIII. Examples of compounds of formula XXXVIII are shown inTable 5, where R¹ is H and each of C2 and C3′ has the R-configuration,unless indicated otherwise. TABLE 5 Compounds of formula XXXVIII, whereR¹ is H Scheme 3.

Compound No. U V R^(W3) R^(W4) ER811208

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811209

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811210

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER804469

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER804529

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER810625

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811189

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811197

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811198

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811199

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811205

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811215

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811217

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811222

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811223

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811225

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811226

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811258

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER804283

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER804335

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808263

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃C2 has S-config. —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃C3′ has S-config. —(CH₂)₆CH₃ER808265

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃C3′ has S-config. —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809050

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃C2 has S-config. —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃C3′ has S-config. —(CH₂)₆CH₃ER809388

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER809406

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃C2 has S-config. —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃C3′ has S-config. —(CH₂)₆CH₃ER808579

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808580

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808581

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808584

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808585

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808586

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808587

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808588

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808928

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808929

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808931

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808932

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808934

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808936

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808938

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808939

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808940

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808941

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808942

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808943

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808944

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808945

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808950

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808951

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808952

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808953

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808954

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808955

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808956

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808957

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808958

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808959

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808960

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808961

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808962

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808963

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808964

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808965

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808966

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808967

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808968

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808969

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808970

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808971

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808972

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808973

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808974

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808975

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808976

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER808977

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811238

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811239

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811240

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811241

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER811242

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃ ER118998

—(CH₂)₁₂CH₃ —C(O)(CH₂)₁₀CH₃ —(CH₂)₆CH₃

Compounds of formula II, where a, b, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, U, X, and W areas previously defined herein, can be prepared as shown in Scheme 4.Protected amino acids of formula XXXIX can be coupled to appropriatelyprotected amino acids of formula XL to produce compounds of formula XLI.Removal of the t-butyl ester under acid conditions gives a compound offormula XLII, which can be subsequently coupled to a compound of formulaXLIII to produce a compound of formula II.

Exemplary compounds of formula II include ER811204 and ER811195, shownbelow.

Compounds of formula I or II in which W is—(CH₂)_(c)O(CH₂)_(d)CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4) can be prepared by methodsanalogous to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,600. In onenon-limiting example, a compound of formula XLIV, where R^(W3) is C₁₋₂₁acyl and each of V and R^(W4) is, independently, C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, is coupledto 2-(4-allyloxybenzyl)malonic acid, mono allyl ester, which can beprepared via the alkylation of the mono-allyl, mono-t-butyl ester ofmalonic acid with the allyl ether of 4-bromomethylphenol, followed byremoval of the t-butyl protecting group under acidic conditions. Theresulting compound XLV is produced after removal of the allyl protectinggroups via treatment with a Pd(0) catalyst.

An example of a compound of formula XLV is ER808577.

Compounds of formula I, where W is C(O)OR^(W2), can be prepared by thecoupling of protected serine analogs with alcohols using a carbodiimide,or another suitable coupling reagent, as exemplified in the reaction ofN-Boc-O-benzyl-L-serine with a compound of formula XLVI to produce acompound of formula XLVII.

Selective removal of the Boc-protecting group under acidic conditions,followed by N-acylation and subsequent removal of the benzyl protectinggroup via hydrogenation gives a compound of formula XLVIII.Phosphorylation, oxidation, and deprotection, as previously describedabove, gives a compound of formula XLIX, which can be functionalized atthe free amine position by acylation, reductive amination, orsulfonation to give, after removal of the allyl protecting group, acompound of formula L.

An example of a compound of formula L is ER808549

Compounds of the invention can also incorporate peptide sequences.Useful intermediates for incorporating peptides into compounds of theinvention are those that contain a carboxyl or amino group.Intermediates that contain an amino group can be reacted with theC-terminal carboxyl group of a protected peptide and intermediates thatcontain a carboxyl group can be reacted with the amine terminus of aprotected peptide. A particularly useful intermediate is that of formulaLI, shown below, where X and W are as previously defined herein.

The peptide sequences can be synthesized by either solid or liquid phasemethods described and referenced in standard textbooks, or by acombination of both methods. These methods are well known to thoseskilled in the art, (see, for example, Bodanszky, In “The Principles ofPeptide Synthesis,” Hafner, Rees, Trost, Lehn, Schleyer, Zahradnik,Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984; Stewart and Young, Solid PhasePeptide Synthesis, Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill., 1984).

All of the starting materials used in any of these methods arecommercially available from chemical vendors such as Aldrich, Sigma,Nova Biochemicals, Bachem Biosciences, Advanced ChemTech, and the like,or may be readily synthesized by known procedures.

The reaction products are isolated and purified by conventional methods,typically by solvent extraction into a compatible solvent. The productsmay be further purified by column chromatography or other appropriatemethods, including medium pressure or high pressure liquidchromatography.

During the synthesis of these compounds, the functional groups of theamino acid derivatives used in these methods are protected by blockinggroups to prevent cross reaction during the coupling procedure. Examplesof suitable blocking groups and their use are described in “ThePeptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology,” Academic Press, Vol. 3 (Gross,E. & Meienhofer, J., Eds., 1981) and Vol. 9 (1987), the disclosures ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference.

A particularly useful support for the synthesis of peptide sequences is2-chlorotrityl resin. Peptide sequences prepared on chlorotrityl resincan be further reacted in an on-resin reaction with an intermediate usedin the present invention that contains a carboxyl group, such as, forexample, a compound of formula XLI. Alternatively, a peptide prepared onchlorotrityl resin can be removed from the resin in the protected state,followed by reaction of the carboxyl-terminus of the peptide with anintermediate of the invention that contains an amine and subsequentremoval of any protecting groups used in the peptide synthesis. Anexample of a compound of the present invention that contains a peptidesequence is ER810625, shown below

Compounds of formula LII:

where each of i, T, Z, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ is as defined above, can beprepared from an appropriately protected amino acid which includes asulfhydryl moiety as part of the side chain, such as, for example,cysteine or homocysteine. The sulfhydryl is reacted with an activatedolefin to produce a compound of formula LIII. After the Fmoc-protectedamine LIII is deprotected and manipulated in a manner analogous to thatdescribed above for the elaboration of the X group of compounds offormula I or II to give a compound of formula LIV, the carboxy terminusof a compound of formula LIV can be functionalized as described hereinfor the functionalization of other intermediates having a carboxyl groupto produce a compound of formula LII.

An example of a compound of formula Ia is compound ER810675

Therapeutic Use of TLR2 Inhibitors

Agents that decrease or inhibit activation of TLR2 can be used toprevent or to treat any of a number diseases or conditions that arecharacterized by TLR2 activation. For example, the agents can be used toprevent or to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as, forexample, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Other diseases orconditions that can be prevented or treated using the methods of theinvention include, for example, sepsis, periodontal disease, mucositis,acne, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,arthritis, cystic fibrosis, bacterial-induced infections, viral-inducedinfections, mycoplasma-associated diseases, post herpetic neuralgia,ischemia/reperfusion injury, asthma, stroke, brain injury, necrotizingenterocolitis, bed sores, leprosy, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, trauma,neurodegenerative disease, amphotericin B-induced fever and nephritis,coronary artery bypass grafting, and atherosclerosis.

Dosage levels of active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositionsof the invention may be varied to obtain an amount of the activecompound(s) that achieves the desired therapeutic response for aparticular patient, composition, and mode of administration. Theselected dosage level depends upon the activity of the particularcompound, the route of administration, the severity of the conditionbeing treated, and the condition and prior medical history of thepatient being treated. For adults, the doses are generally from about0.01 to about 100 mg/kg, desirably about 0.1 to about 1 mg/kg bodyweight per day by inhalation, from about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg,desirably 0.1 to 70 mg/kg, more desirably 0.5 to 10 mg/kg body weightper day by oral administration, and from about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg,desirably 0.1 to 1 mg/kg body weight per day by intravenousadministration. Doses are determined for each particular case usingstandard methods in accordance with factors unique to the patient,including age, weight, general state of health, and other factors thatcan influence the efficacy of the compound(s) of the invention.

It is not intended that the administration of a compound of theinvention to a mammal, including humans, be limited to a particular modeof administration, dosage, or frequency of dosing. The present inventioncontemplates all modes of administration, including oral,intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarticular,intralesional, subcutaneous, or any other route sufficient to provide adose adequate to prevent or treat excess or undesired TLR2 activity. Oneor more compounds or the invention may be administered to a mammal in asingle dose or multiple doses. When multiple doses are administered, thedoses may be separated from one another by, for example, several hours,one day, one week, one month, or one year. It is to be understood that,for any particular subject, specific dosage regimes should be adjustedover time according to the individual need and the professional judgmentof the person administering or supervising the administration of apharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of the invention.

For clinical applications, a compound of the present invention maygenerally be administered intravenously, subcutaneously,intramuscularly, colonically, nasally, intraperitoneally, rectally,buccally, or orally. Compositions containing at least one compound ofthe invention that is suitable for use in human or veterinary medicinemay be presented in forms permitting administration by a suitable route.These compositions may be prepared according to the customary methods,using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants or excipients.The adjuvants comprise, inter alia, diluents, sterile aqueous media, andvarious non-toxic organic solvents. Acceptable carriers or diluents fortherapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical field, and aredescribed, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice ofPharmacy (20th ed.), ed. A. R. Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,2000, Philadelphia, and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, eds.J. Swarbrick and J. C. Boylan, 1988-1999, Marcel Dekker, New York. Thecompositions may be presented in the form of tablets, pills, granules,powders, aqueous solutions or suspensions, injectable solutions,elixirs, or syrups, and the compositions may optionally contain one ormore agents chosen from the group comprising sweeteners, flavorings,colorings, and stabilizers in order to obtain pharmaceuticallyacceptable preparations.

The choice of vehicle and the content of active substance in the vehicleare generally determined in accordance with the solubility and chemicalproperties of the product, the particular mode of administration, andthe provisions to be observed in pharmaceutical practice. For example,excipients such as lactose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, anddicalcium phosphate and disintegrating agents such as starch, alginicacids, and certain complex silicates combined with lubricants (e.g.,magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and talc) may be used forpreparing tablets. To prepare a capsule, it is advantageous to uselactose and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. When aqueoussuspensions are used, they may contain emulsifying agents thatfacilitate suspension. Diluents such as sucrose, ethanol, polyethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, chloroform, or mixtures thereof mayalso be used.

For parenteral administration, emulsions, suspensions, or solutions ofthe compositions of the invention in vegetable oil (e.g., sesame oil,groundnut oil, or olive oil), aqueous-organic solutions (e.g., water andpropylene glycol), injectable organic esters (e.g., ethyl oleate), orsterile aqueous solutions of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts areused. The solutions of the salts of the compositions of the inventionare especially useful for administration by intramuscular orsubcutaneous injection. Aqueous solutions that include solutions of thesalts in pure distilled water may be used for intravenous administrationwith the proviso that (i) their pH is adjusted suitably, (ii) they areappropriately buffered and rendered isotonic with a sufficient quantityof glucose or sodium chloride, and (iii) they are sterilized by heating,irradiation, or microfiltration. Suitable compositions containing acompound of the invention may be dissolved or suspended in a suitablecarrier for use in a nebulizer or a suspension or solution aerosol, ormay be absorbed or adsorbed onto a suitable solid carrier for use in adry powder inhaler. Solid compositions for rectal administration includesuppositories formulated in accordance with known methods and containingat least one compound of formula I or II.

Dosage formulations of a compound of the invention to be used fortherapeutic administration must be sterile. Sterility is readilyaccomplished by filtration through sterile membranes (e.g., 0.2 micronmembranes) or by other conventional methods. Formulations typically arestored in lyophilized form or as an aqueous solution. The pH of thecompositions of this invention is typically between 3 and 11, moredesirably between 5 and 9, and most desirably between 7 and 8,inclusive. While a desirable route of administration is by injectionsuch as intravenously (bolus and/or infusion), other methods ofadministration may be used. For example, compositions may beadministered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, colonically, rectally,nasally, or intraperitoneally in a variety of dosage forms such assuppositories, implanted pellets or small cylinders, aerosols, oraldosage formulations, and topical formulations such as ointments, drops,and dermal patches. A compound of the invention is desirablyincorporated into shaped articles such as implants, including but notlimited to valves, stents, tubing, and prostheses, which may employinert materials such as synthetic polymers or silicones, (e.g.,Silastic, silicone rubber, or other commercially available polymers).Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer,polyhydroxy-propyl-methacrylamide-phenol,polyhydroxyethyl-aspartamide-phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysinesubstituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, a TLR2 inhibitor ofthe invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers usefulin achieving controlled release of a drug, for example polylactic acid,polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid,polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters,polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates, and cross linked oramphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.

A compound of the invention may also be administered in the form ofliposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, largeunilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can beformed from a variety of lipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine, orphosphatidylcholines. A compound of the invention may also be deliveredusing antibodies, antibody fragments, growth factors, hormones, or othertargeting moieties to which the compound molecules are coupled (e.g.,see Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, vide supra),including in vivo conjugation to blood components of a compound of theformula I or II, as described herein.

Identification of TLR2 Inhibitors

Pharmaceutical agents that can be used in the therapeutic methods of theinvention can be identified in screening methods. For example,cell-based screening methods can be used, in which cells expressing TLR2are contacted with a candidate agent and the impact of the agent on theactivation of TLR2 in the cells is determined. In one example of such amethod, the effect of an agent on the activation of TLR2 by a knownligand (e.g., a lipopeptide, such as Pam3Cys-SKKKK (see below)) isdetermined. Agents that are found to decrease or to block activation ofthe receptor by the ligand can then be considered for further analysisand/or for use as TLR2 inhibitors in therapeutic methods. Activation ofTLR2 in these methods can be measured using, for example, a reportersystem. For example, cells used in the screening assay can include areporter gene (e.g., luciferase) that is under the control of a promoter(e.g., the ELAM promoter) that is inducible by a signaling pathwaytriggered by TLR2 activation (e.g., a signaling pathway that inducesexpression of NF-KB). Additional details of an example of such a methodare provided below.

In addition to cell-based methods, candidate agents can be tested inanimal model systems. This may be desirable, for example, if an agenthas been found to have antagonist activity in a cell-based assay or tobind to TLR2 in an in vitro assay (see below). For example, in animalstudies, test agents can be administered to an animal model concurrentlywith a molecule known to activate TLR2 (e.g., lipopeptide), and theimpact of the agent on a response in the animal that is normallytriggered by activation of the receptor (e.g., cytokine induction) canbe determined. Further, in vitro methods can be used. For example, acandidate compound can be assayed for whether it binds to TLR2 or afragment of the receptor that includes at least a portion of the ligandbinding site. Such assays can be carried out using, for example, columnsor beads to which the receptor or fragment is bound.

In addition to the methods described above, additional TLR2 antagonistscan be identified in methods in which candidate compounds are comparedfor TLR2 antagonist activity with any of the TLR2 antagonists describedherein. These methods can involve the use of in vitro or in vivomethods, such as those described herein (e.g., see above and Example 8).Further, in addition to being compared for TLR2 antagonist activity, thecandidate compounds can be compared with TLR2 antagonists with respectto specificity for TLR2 versus other receptors (e.g., TLR4), asdescribed below. Candidate compounds identified as having TLR2antagonist activity that is, for example, similar to or greater than theactivity of the antagonists described herein (and/or with similar orgreater levels of specificity for TLR2 versus TLR4) in these assays canbe tested further, for example, in appropriate animal model assays forany of the diseases or conditions described herein, as well as in humanclinical studies. A candidate compound having TLR2 antagonist activityis one that, for example, is found to have an IC₅₀ for TLR2 in an assaysuch as that described in Example 8 of, e.g., less than 30 μM (e.g.,less than 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 1, or 0.5 μM).

Also included in the invention are compounds that are selective for TLR2over TLR4, as well as compounds that are dual antagonists (i.e.,antagonists of both TLR2 and TLR4). A compound that is selective forTLR2 over TLR4 is one that has, for example, an IC50 value in a TLR2antagonist assay, such as is described herein, that is less than thatfound in a TLR4 antagonist assay, such as is described herein. Forexample, the IC50 in the TLR2 assay can be at least 5, 10, 25, or50-fold less than the value for the same compound tested in the TLR4assay. Compounds that are dual antagonists are those that have, forexample, IC50 values that are within a 5-fold range of one anotherusing, e.g., the assays described herein. Thus, dual antagonists includethose that have activities that are 1:5-5:1 with respect to one another(e.g., 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1). The invention alsoincludes the use of TLR2 antagonists such as those described herein inthe study of physiological and molecular pathways involved in oraffected by TLR2 activation (or inactivation).

Agents that can be screened using the methods of the invention include,for example, compounds that are present in compound libraries (e.g.,random libraries), as well as analogs of known TLR2 ligands (e.g.,lipopeptides) that are modified to prevent rather than activate TLR2.Further, peptides that correspond to the binding site of TLR2 for itsligands, which can competitively inhibit ligand binding to the bindingsite, can be tested. Further, antibodies or antibody fragments to theligand or the ligand binding site of the receptor can be screened.

The following non-limiting examples are provided to further describevarious aspects and embodiments of the present invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of ER811133

Step 1. To a solution of 1-pentadecene (23.0 mL, 84.7 mmol) in DCM (200mL) at 0° C. was added sodium bicarbonate (704 mg, 8.3 mmol) and mCPBA(58.48 g, 338.9 mmol) portion wise. The reaction mixture was allowed towarm up to RT. After stirring at RT overnight, saturated sodium sulfitesolution (500 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. The organic layerwas dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. Purification ofthe residue by silica gel chromatography (10% EA/hexane) gave compound 1(19.10 g, 96% yield).

Step 2. To a solution of compound 1 (19.1 g, 84.4 mmol) in 90% ethanol(200 mL) at RT was added potassium cyanide (15.38 g, 236.2 mmol). Afterstirring at RT for 20 hours, the reaction mixture was filtered throughsodium sulfate. Purification by silica gel chromatography (30%EA/hexane) gave compound 2 (18.46 g, 86% yield).

Step 3. To a solution of compound 2 (18.46 g, 72.84 mmol) in DMF (100.0mL) at RT was added imidazole (9.9 g, 145.7 mmol) andtert-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride (TBDPSCI) (28.4 mL, 109.3=mol). Thereaction was monitored by TLC (30% EA/hexane) until all the startingmaterial was consumed. Purification by silica gel chromatography (20%EA/hexane) gave compound 3 (34.84 g, 97% yield).

Step 4. To a solution of Raney-Ni (3.0 mL slurry) in 2.0 M NH₃/MeOH (100mL) was compound 3 (5.04 g, 10.2 mmol) and the reaction mixture washydrogenated at 50 psi for 20 hours. The reaction mixture was filteredthrough Celite and washed with MeOH to give compound 4 (4.81 g, 95%).

Step 5. To a solution of compound 4 (4.81 g, 9.7 mmol) in DCM (50 mL)was added N-Fmoc-L-serine (4.76 g, 14.55 mmol) and EDC (3.72 g, 19.4mmol) at −5° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to RT andstirred for 3 hours. Purification by silica gel chromatography using10-50% EA/hexane gave compound 5 (6.26 g, 80%) as waxy solid.

Step 6. To make phosphorylating reagent compound 6, to a solution ofdistilled diisopropylamine (9.0 mL) in methylene chloride was addedtetrazole (4.51 g) at room temperature followed by stirring for 1.5hours. Allyl phosphorodiamidite (10) (20.5 mL) was added dropwise at a6.5 mL/hour rate followed by stirring for an additional 3 hours.N-Boc-2-aminoethanol (10.36 g) in methylene chloride (50 mL) was addedto the above reaction mixture dropwise at a 8.4 mL/hour rate followed bystirring for an additional 18 hours. The white suspension was filteredthrough Celite 545 with two 20 mL washings with methylene chloride. Thefiltrate was concentrated followed by the suspension and filtering ofthe residue with hexanes (200 mL). The resulting hexanes filtrate wasconcentrated to dry and azeotroped with 2,10-mL portions of toluene toprovide the crude product 6 (21.54 g) as an oil.

To a solution of compound 5 (6.26 g, 7.77 mmol) in DCM (70 mL) at RT wasadded pyridinium trifluoroacetate (3.0 g, 15.55 mmol). The abovereaction solution was cooled to −20° C. To the reaction solution wasadded compound 6 (4.8 g, 14.0 mmol) using a syringe. The reaction waskept at −10 to −20° C. and monitored by TLC (30% acetone/hexane) untilcompound 5 was consumed. To the reaction mixture was added hydrogenperoxide (30%, 1.8 mL). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm upslowly and stirred for 30 minutes at RT. To the solution was addedsodium thiosulfate (2.0 g) in water (20 mL). Compound 7 (8.7 g) wasisolated after aqueous workup and HPLC on a Biotage column (10-30%acetone/hexane).

Step 7. To a solution of compound 7 (2-83 g, 2.645 mmol) in DCM (12.0mL) was added piperidine (3.0 mL, 10.1 mmol) at −5° C. The mixture wasstirred at −5° C. for 3 0 minutes, followed by warming to RT andmonitoring by TLC. When the starting material was consumed, the reactionmixture was concentrated to give crude amine. To a solution of the crudeamine in DCM (10 mL) was added lauric acid (1.06 g, 5.29 mmol) and EDC(1.01 g, 5.29 mmol) at 0° C. After stirring at 0° C. for 110 minutes,the reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to RT and stirred at RTovernight. Aqueous workup, followed by concentration of the organics andpurification by chromatography gave compound 8 (2.45 g, 90% yield).

Step 8. To a solution of compound 8 (1.5 g, 0.473 mmol) in THF (10 mL)at RT was added acetic acid (0.17 mL, 2.92 mmol) and tetrabutylammoniumfluoride (TBAF) (0.763 g, 2.92 mmol). After stirring at RT for 70 hours,the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EA. Thecombined organic solution was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate,dried and concentrated. Purification by HPLC on a Biotage column withacetone/hexane gave product compound 9 (0.93 7 g, 8 1% yield).

Step 9. To compound 9 (138 mg, 0.175 mmol) was added 4.0 M HCl/dioxane(2.0 mL) and the mixture stirred for 2 hours at RT. The reaction mixturewas concentrated and dried azeotropically with toluene to give crudeamine. To a solution of the crude amine in DCM (5.0 mL) at 0° C. wasadded N-(3-indolacetyl)-L-isoleucine (55.4 mg, 0.192 mmol), HBTU (79.5mg, 0.21 mmol) and DIPEA (90.3 mg, 0.70 mmol). The reaction was allowedto warm to RT and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was loadedonto a 25 mm Biotage column and purified by HPLC, eluting with 10, 20,30, 40, and 50% acetone/hexane to give compound 10 (72.0 mg, 43% yield).

Step 10. To a solution of compound 10 (25.3 mg, 0.026 mmol) in THF (1.0mL) was added phenylsilane (29 μL, 0.237 mmol), triphenylphosphine (12.4mg, 0.047 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.006 mg,0.005 mmol) at RT. After stirring at RT for 30 minutes, the crudemixture was loaded onto 0.5 millimeter preparative TLC plate and elutedwith 1:1 Magic (60:35:2:3 CHCl₃/MeOH/AcOH/H₂O)/DCM to give ER811133(18.3 mg, 75%).

Example 2 Preparation of ER811212

Step 1. To a solution of Fmoc-Ser-OH (25.2 g, 77.0 mmol) indichloromethane (350 mL) at RT was added TBDPS protected propanolaminehydrochloride (20.0 g, 51.75 mmol) followed by triethylamine (14.5 mL,104.1 mmol) and 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimidehydrochloride (EDC, 19.85 g, 103.5 mmol). Stirring overnight followed byaqueous work-up and column chromatography gave compound 11 (10.38 g, 32%yield).

Step 2. To a solution of compound 11 (17.83 g, 28.63 mmol) indichloromethane (400 mL) at RT was added pyridinium trifluoroacetate(12.26 g, 63.48 mmol). The reaction mixture was cooled to −20° C. andcompound 6 (17.60 g, 50.51 mmol) was added. After 2 hours, 30% hydrogenperoxide (14.5 mL, 140.3 mmol) was added and the reaction was allowed towarm to RT. To the reaction mixture was added a solution of sodiumthiosulfate (17.2 g) in water (215 mL). Aqueous work-up and columnchromatography gave compound 12 (25.37 g, 100% yield).

Step 3. To a solution of compound 12 (15.82 g, 17.85 mmol) in THF (85mL) at RT was added glacial acetic acid (2.1 mL, 36.68 mmol) followed byTBAF (9.35 g, 35.8 mmol). After stirring for 8 hours, aqueous work-upand column chromatography gave compound 13 (3.65 g, 31% yield).

Step 4. To compound 13 (3.65 g, 5.64 mmol) at RT was added 4M HCl indioxane (21.5 mL, 86.1 mmol). After 20 minutes, solvent was evaporatedto give compound 14 (3.09 g, 93% yield).

Step 5. To a solution of compound 14 (3.30 g, 5.64 mmol) indichloromethane (35 mL) at RT was added N-(3-Indolylacetyl)-L-isoleucine(1.80 g, 6.24 mmol) followed by DIEA (2.2 mL, 12.69 mmol) and HBTU (2.59g, 6.83 mmol). After 2 hours, aqueous workup and chromatography gavecompound 15 (3.74 g, 81% yield).

Step 6. To a solution of compound 15 (204 mg, 0.25 mmol) indichloromethane (1.5 mL) at RT was added palmitic acid (125 mg, 0.49mmol) followed by EDC (95 mg, 0.495 mmol) and DMAP (8.2 mg, 0.067 mmol).After stirring overnight at RT, aqueous work-up and chromatography gavecompound 16 (198 mg, 75% yield).

Step 7. To compound 16 (65 mg, 0.061 mmol) at RT was added a solution of4.0 M piperidine in DMF (0.38 mL, 1.54 mmol). After 20 minutes, thesolvent was evaporated to give compound 17 (50 mg, 100% yield).

Step 8. To a solution of compound 17 (51.1 mg, 0.059 mmol) indichloromethane (0.48 mL) at RT was added lauric acid (17.2 mg, 0.086mmol) followed by DIEA (24 μL, 0.138 mmol) and HBTU (30.7 mg, 0.081mmol). After stirring overnight, the solvent was evaporated.Purification by column chromatography gave compound 18 (44.8 mg, 73%yield).

Step 9. To a solution of compound 18 (45 mg, 0.044 mmol) in THF (0.63mL) at RT was added a 0.10 M solution of n-butylamine (0.450 mL, 0.045mmol) followed by palladium tetrakistriphenylphosphine (2.9 mg, 0.0025mmol). After 2 hours, the solvent was evaporated. Purification by columnchromatography gave compound 19 (ER811212, 22.9 mg, 59% yield).

Example 3 Preparation of ER811230

Step 1. To a solution of Fmoc-Glycinol (104.4 mg, 0.3685 mmol) indichloromethane (5 mL) at RT was added pyridinium trifluoroacetate(155.1 mg, 0.8031 mmol). The reaction mixture was cooled to −20° C. andBoc-phosphorylating reagent compound 6 (212.1 mg, 1.652 mmol) was added.After 2 hours, 30% hydrogen peroxide (0.170 mL, 1.665 mmol) was addedand the reaction was allowed to warm to RT. To the reaction mixture wasadded a solution of sodium thiosulfate (240 mg in 3.2 mL water). Aqueouswork-up and column chromatography gave compound 20 (150 mg, 74% yield).

Step 2. To compound 20 (150 mg, 0.27 mmol) at RT was added 4 M HCl indioxane (1.0 mL). After 20 minutes, solvent was evaporated to givecompound 21 (132 mg, 100% yield).

Step 3. To compound 21 (132 mg, 0.27 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL)at RT was added N-(3-indolylacetyl)-L-isoleucine (85 mg, 0.29 mmol),followed by DIEA (0.1 mL, 0.57 mmol) and HBTU (117 mg, 0.31 mmol). Afterstirring for 2 hours at RT, aqueous workup and chromatography gavecompound 22 (141 mg, 71% yield).

Step 4. To compound 22 (32 mg, 0.045 mmol) at RT was added a solution of4.0 M piperidine in DMF (0.260 mL). After 20 minutes, the solvent wasevaporated to give compound 23 (21 mg, 94%).

Step 5. To a solution of compound 23 (21 mg, 0.04 mmol) indichloromethane (0.25 mL) at RT was added palmitic acid (13 mg, 0.05mmol) followed by DIEA (16 μL, 0.09 mmol) and HBTU (20 mg, 0.054 mmol).After stirring overnight, the solvent was evaporated. Purification bycolumn chromatography gave compound 24 (19 mg, 61% yield).

Step 6. To a solution of compound 24 (19 mg, 0.026 mmol) in THF (0.4 mL)at RT was added a 0.1 M solution of n-butylamine (0.26 mL, 0.026 mmol)followed by palladium tetrakistriphenylphosphine (1.7 mg, 0.0015 mmol).After 2 hours, the solvent was evaporated. Purification by columnchromatography gave compound ER811230 (13.0 mg, 73% yield).

Example 4 Preparation of ER8 11261

Step 1. To a solution of (S)-(+)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol(1.36 g, 10.3 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added triethylamine(4.30 mL, 30.9 mmol). The mixture was cooled with an ice/water bath andmethanesulfonyl chloride (2.40 mL, 30.9 mmol) was added. The reactionwas quenched by addition of saturated NaHCO₃ solution (aqueous) afterstirring overnight. The aqueous phase was extracted with one portion ofdichloromethane; combined organic phase was washed with water, driedwith anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated. Crude compound 25 wasused without purification for next step.

Step 2. To a solution compound 25 from step 1 in DMF (10 mL) was added asolution of NaN₃ (2.0 g, 31 mmol) in water (5 mL) and the reactionmixture was heated to 80° C. After stirring 18 hours, reaction mixturewas allowed to cool to RT and a brine solution was added. The mixturewas extracted with three portions of diethyl ether and organic phase wasconcentrated to ½ volume by rotary evaporation, washed with two portionsof water, followed by brine, dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate andconcentrated. Crude compound 26 (1.84 g) was used without purificationfor the next step.

Step 4. A solution of crude compound 26 (1.84 g), triphenylphosphine(3.51 g, 13.4 mmol) in THF (20 mL) and water (0.80 mL) was stirred at RTovernight. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and hexanewas added to the residue. The resulting solid was removed by filtrationand this process of adding hexane and filtration was repeated severaltimes. The crude produce was passed through a short column of silica gel(100% EA, 30% isopropyl alcohol/EA) to afford compound 27 (279 mg).

Step 5. A mixture containing compound 27 (268 mg, 2.04 mmol), EDC (589mg, 3.07 mmol), DMAP (50 mg, 0.407 mmol), and O-benzyl-N-acetyl-D-serine(725 mg, 3.07 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) was stirred at RT. Afterstirring overnight, the reaction mixture was concentrated andpurification by flash chromatography gave compound 28 (359 mg).

Step 6. A solution of acetic acid in water (3.50 mL, 5:1) was added tocompound 28 (343 mg, 0.979 mmol). After stirring at RT overnight, thereaction was heated to 40° C. After 1.5 hours, the reaction mixture wasconcentrated and azeotroped with toluene. Purification by flashchromatography afforded compound 29 (289 mg, 95%).

Step 7. A mixture of compound 29 (265 mg, 0.854 mmol), palmitic acid(679 mg, 2.65 mmol), EDC (507 mg, 2.65 mmol), and DMAP (32.5 mg, 0.265mmol) was stirred at RT for 18 hours. Aqueous work-up and chromatographygave compound 30 (591 mg).

Step 8. To a flask containing compound 30 in ethyl acetate (30 mL) wasadded Pearlman's catalyst and the reaction mixture was stirred under ahydrogen atmosphere (using hydrogen filled balloon). After 2 hours thereaction mixture was filtered through Celite and concentrated to givecompound 31 (344 mg). The crude product was used in the next reactionwithout purification.

Step 9. To a solution of compound 31 (51.7 mg, 0.0742 mmol) in DCM (0.7mL) at RT was added pyridinium trifluoroacetate (31.5 mg, 0.163 mmol).The above reaction solution was cooled to −20° C. To the reactionsolution was added phosphorylating reagent compound 6 (46.0 mg, 0.131mmol). The reaction was kept at −10 to −20° C. and monitored by TLC (30%acetone/hexane) until compound 31 was consumed. To the reaction mixturewas added hydrogen peroxide (30%, 18 μL). The reaction mixture wasallowed to warm up slowly and stirred for 30 minutes at RT. After theaddition of sodium thiosulfate (20 mg), compound 32 was isolated afteraqueous workup and chromatography.

Step 10. To compound 32 (42.3 mg, 0.044 mmol) was added 4.0 MHCl/dioxane (132 μL) and the mixture stirred for 2 hours at RT. Thereaction mixture was concentrated and dried azeotropically with tolueneto give crude amine. To a solution of the crude amine in DCM (200 μL) at0° C. was added N-(3-(5-benzyloxy)indolacetyl)-L-isoleucine (20.0 mg,0.0485 mmol), HBTU (22.0 mg, 0.0582 mmol) and DIPEA (31.0 μL, 0.176mmol). The reaction was allowed to warm to RT and stirred overnight.Aqueous workup and chromatography gave compound 33 (72.0 mg, 43% yield).

Step 11. To a solution of compound 33 (25.3 mg, 0.026 mmol) (10.2 mg,0.00825 mmol) in THF (300 μL) was added phenylsilane (10 μL, 0.08 mmol),triphenylphosphine (4.1 mg, 0.015 mmol) andtetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.002 mg, 0.0015 mmol) at RT.After stirring at RT for 30 minutes, the crude mixture was loaded onto0.5 millimeter preparative TLC plate and eluted with 1:1 Magic(60:35:2:3 CHCl₃/MeOH/AcOH/H₂O)/DCM to give ER811261 (5.5 mg).

Example 5 Preparation of ER808977

To a solution of compound 34 (100 mg, 0.11 mmol, prepared as describedin U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,973) in DCM (2.0 mL) was added triethylsilane (87μL, 0.545 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (84 μL, 1.1 mmol) at 0° C. Theresulting solution was at RT until starting material was consumed (ca. 2h). The reaction mixture was then concentrated to give the TFA salt. Theresidue was redissolved in DCM and washed with aqueous saturated sodiumbicarbonate solution (×2), and dried over Na₂SO₄. Evaporation gave thecrude amine free base, which was used immediately without furtherpurification. To a solution of N-(3-indolacetyl)-L-isoleucine(R^(U)CO₂H, 29 mg, 0.1 mmol) in DMF was added triethylamine and polymersupported carbodiimide. The reaction mixture was shaken gently at RT for2 hours then treated with a solution of the aforementioned crude aminefree base in DMF. The reaction mixture was shaken gently at RTovernight. Filtration, followed by concentration in vacuo, gave thecrude coupled product. The allyl protecting group(s) was removed bytreatment with a catalytic amount of palladiumtetrakistriphenylphosphine in THF in the presence of n-butylamine for 2hours. Purification by flash chromatography gave compound ER808977.Other suitable protected amino acids can be used in place ofN-(3-indolacetyl)-L-isoleucine to react with (11) or an analog thereofto produce the compounds shown in Table 5.

Aromatic intermediates that are useful for the preparation of thecompounds of the invention, such as, for example, compounds that containa substituted indole moiety, which are not commericially available canbe prepared from aromatic compounds that contain a leaving group suchas, for example, a halogen or a triflate. These compounds can be reactedwith a palladium catalyst/ligand system (such as, for example,Pd(PPh₃)₄, Pd(PtBu₃)₄, Pd[P(Me)(tBu₂)]₄, PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂, PdCl₂(dppf)₂,Pd₂(dba)₃BINAP, or Pd₂(dba)₃P(o-tol)₃) in the presence of a base and anorganometallic compound, such as for example, a compound with a —B(OH)₂or —B(OAlkyl)₂ group (Suzuki reaction), —Mg-Hal group (Kumada reaction),—Zn-Hal group (Negishi reaction), —Sn(Alkyl)₃ group (Stille reaction),—Si(Alkyl)₃ group (Hiyama reaction), —Cu-Hal group, —ZrCp₂Cl group, or—AlMe₂ group (see Fu and Littke, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41:4176-4211,2002 for a review of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions).

Example 6 Preparation of 804469

Step 1. To a solution of mono-tert-butyl malonate (1.6 g, 10 mmol) inDMF (20 mL) was added cesium carbonate (3.42 g, 10.5 mmol) followed byallyl bromide (1.33 g, 11 1 mmol). The reaction was stirred at RT for 16hours, diluted with EA and worked up with water and brine. The organicsolution was dried over NaSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purifiedby chromatography (silica gel eluted with EA-hexanes) to give compoundmalonic acid, monoallyl, mono-t-butyl ester (1.873 g, 93%).

Step 2. To a solution of compound malonic acid, monoallyl, mono-t-butylester (1.873 g, 9.27 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added sodium hydride (400mg, 60%, 10 mmol). The reaction was stirred at RT for 20 minutes andfollowed by addition of 6-tert-butyldiphenylsiloxyl-1-bromohexane (3.69g, 8.79 mmol). The reaction was stirred at RT for 16 hours, followed bydilution with EA and aqueous workup. The organics were dried over sodiumsulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography(silica gel eluted with EA-hexanes) to give compound 35 (3.947 g, 83%yield).

Step 3. To compound 35 (2.10 g, 3.90 mmol) was added a solution oftetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF (1 M, 5 mL). The reaction was stirredat RT for 2 hours. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo and the residuepurified by chromatography (silica gel eluted with EA-hexanes) to give2-(6-hydroxylhexyl)malonic acid, monoallyl, mono-t-butyl ester (460 mg,39% yield).

Step 4. To a solution of 2-(6-hydroxylhexyl)malonic acid, monoallyl,mono-t-butyl ester (220 mg, 0.733 mmol) in dichloromethane (3.5 mL) wasadded tetrazole (154 mg, 2.20 mmol). The reaction was stirred at RT for20 minutes followed by addition of diallyl diisopropylphosphoramidite(270 mg, 1.10 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room for 1 hour. Thereaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and 4 mL of THF was added followedby a solution of Oxone (901 mg, 1.466 mmol) in water (4 mL). Stirringwas continued for 30 minutes, during which time the reaction was allowedto warm up to RT. The reaction mixture was quenched by adding aqueoussodium thiosulfate and sodium bicarbonate. The two phases were separatedand the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane. The organicphases were combined, washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by chromatography(silica gel eluted with EA-hexanes) to give compound 36 (169 mg, 50%yield).

Step 5. To a solution of compound 36 (77 mg, 0.167 mmol) indichloromethane (0.2 mL) was added triethylsilane (97 mg, 0.836 mmol)followed by trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). The reaction was stirred at RTfor 1 hour and the volatiles were evaporated. The residue was azeotropedwith toluene twice and the crude product, compound 37 (77 mg, 0.167mmol), was used directly in the next step.

Step 6. To a solution of compound 38 (90 mg, 0.112 mmol, see U.S. Pat.No. 6,290,973) and compound 37 (77 mg crude, 0.167 mmol) in DMF (2.4 mL)was added 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride(38 mg, 0.2 mmol), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (23 mg, 0.167 mmol),and triethylamine (20 mg, 0.2 mmol). The reaction was stirred at RT for16 hours, diluted by EA, washed with water, brine, and dried over sodiumsulfate. Purification by chromatography silica gel eluted with MeOH-DCM)gave compound 39 (133 mg, 95%).

Step 8. To a solution of compound 39 (133 mg, 0.112 mmol) andphenylsilane (72 mg, 0.666 mmol) in CHCl₃ (11 mL) cooled at 0° C. in anice-water bath was added tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0) (192mg, 0.166 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hoursand quenched by adding CHCl₃:MeOH:H₂O 2:3:1 (1 mL). The reaction mixturewas purified by a DEAE column eluted with 0.05-0.1 M NH₄OAc inCHCl₃:MeOH:H₂O 2:3:1. Further purification by HPLC (0/100 to 100/0A/B in60 minutes. A:Hexane-isopropanol-H₂O 370-540-90, B: H₂O-isopropanol1-10) gave (ER804469) (35 mg, 30% yield).

Example 7 Preparation of 811195

Step 1. To a solution of glycine t-butyl ester (511 mg, 3.05 mmol) andN-(3-indolylacetyl)-L-isoleucine (878 mg, 3.05 mmol) in DMF/DCM (5 mL/5mL) at RT was added DIPEA (2.1 mL, 12.2 mmol) and HBTU (2.31 g, 6.10mmol). After stirring for 1 hour, the reaction mixture was diluted withEA and washed with water (2×) and brine (1×). Purification by silica gelchromatography gave compound 40 (830 mg, 68% yield).

Step 2. To compound 40 (83.0 mg, 0.207 mmol) was added 4 M HCl solutionin dioxane (2 mL, 8 mmol). After stirring at RT for 18 hours, thereaction mixture was concentrated and azeotroped with THF/Toluene togive compound 41 (93.3 mg, overweight).

Step 3. To a solution of compound 42 (2.05 g, 3.20 mmol, prepared asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,973) in DCM (20 mL) at 0° C. was addedDMAP (78.0 mg, 0.64 mmol) and Et₃N (892 μL, 6.40 mmol), followed by MsCl(496 μL, 6.40 mmol). The ice bath was removed and the reaction mixturestirred at RT for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C.and quenched with 0.5 N HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM(2×). Purification by silica gel chromatography gave compound 43 (2.30g, 100% yield).

Step 4. To a solution of compound 43 (2.30 g, 3.20 mmol) in DMF (10 mL)at RT was added NaN₃ (624 mg, 9.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was heatedat 1 00° C. for a total of 20 hours. After cooling to RT, the reactionmixture was diluted with EA and washed with water and brine.Purification by silica gel chromatography gave compound 44 (1.24 g, 58%yield).

Step 5. To a solution of compound 44 (1.24 g, 1.86 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL)at RT was added Pd/C (200 mg). The reaction mixture was stirred under anatmosphere of hydrogen for 4 hours. After filtration through Celite, thecrude product was purified by silica gel chromatography to give compound45 (793 mg, 64% yield).

Step 6. To a solution of compound 45 (102 mg, 0.16 mmol) andBoc-L-serine (39 mg, 0.19 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added EDC (46 mg, 0.24mmol). After stirring for 20 hours at RT, the reaction mixture wasconcentrated and purified on prep TLC to give compound 46 (113 mg, 86%yield).

Step 7. To compound 46 (113 mg, 0.137 mmol) was added 4.0 N HCl (1.5 mL,6.0 mmol). After stirring at RT for 2.5 h, the reaction mixture wasconcentrated and azeotroped with toluene (2×) to give compound 47 (108mg, 100% yield).

Step 8. To a solution of compound 47 (108 mg, 0.137 mmol) and compound41 (79.0 mg, 0.207 mmol) in DMF (1.0 mL) was added EDC (28 mg, 0.411mmol), HOBT (48 μL, 0.207 mmol), and DIPEA (48 mL, 0.274 mmol). Afterstirring at RT for 17 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with EAand washed with water and brine. Purification by silica gelchromatography gave compound 48 (13.7 mg, 9.5% yield).

Step 9. To the solution of compound 48 (13.7 mg, 0.013 mmol) in pyridine(1.0 mL) was added Py-SO₃ (excess). After stirring at RT for 24 hours,the reaction mixture was filtered through cotton, concentrated andazeotroped with toluene. Purification by silica gel chromatography gaveER811195 (8.6 mg, 58% yield).

Example 7 Preparation of 809266

Step 1. To a solution of 3(R)-1,3-dihydroxydecane (6.39 g, 36.6 mmol) inDCM (40 mL) at 0° C. was added DMAP (0.447 g, 3.66 mmol), triethylamine(10.2 mL, 73.2 mmol) and TBDPSCI (10.7 mL, 40.4 mmol). After stirring atRT for 20 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with0.5 N HCl and saturated bicarbonate. The combined organic solution wasdried with sodium sulfate and concentrated to give crude compound 49(about 16.5 g), which was used as is.

Step 2. To a solution of crude compound 49 (5.35 g, about 13.0 mmol) inanhydrous THF (45 mL) at 0° C. was added triphenylphosphine (10.3 g,38.9 mmol), 4-nitrobenzonic acid (6.5 g, 38.9 mmol) and DEAD (6.1 mL,38.9 mmol). After stirring at 0° C. for 60 minutes, the reaction mixturewas kept at −20° C. in a freezer overnight. Purification on a Biotagecolumn using EA/Hexane gave compound 50 (5.77 g, 79% yield).

Step 3. To a solution of compound 50 (5.77 g, 10.3 mmol) in 1:1 THF:MeOH(120 mL) at RT was added potassium carbonate (1.72 g, 12.33 mmol) in oneportion. Stirring was continued at RT for 4 hours. Purification on aBiotage column using EA/Hexane gave compound 51 (3.26 g, 77% yield).

Step 4. To a solution of compound 51 (3.26 g, 7.9 mmol) in anhydrous DCM(20 mL) at 0° C. was added DMAP (0.193 g, 1.5 mmol), and triethylamine(2.2 mL, 15.2 mmol), followed by the slow addition of methanesulfonylchloride (1.22 mL, 15.2 mmol). After stirring at 0° C. for 30 minutes,the reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to RT and stirred for anadditional 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was diluted with 0.5 M HCl(50 mL) and extracted with DCM (3×40 mL). The organic layer was washedwith saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, dried with MgSO4, filtered,and concentrated to give compound 52 (4.0 g), which was used directly asis in the next reaction.

Step 5. To a solution of compound 52 (3.6 g, 7.34 mmol) in DMF (30 mL)was added sodium azide (1.45 g, 22.3 mmol) at RT. The reaction mixturewas heated in an oil bath at 140° C. overnight. After dilution withwater and extraction with EA, the combined organic layers were driedwith MgSO₄ and concentrated. Purification on a Biotage column using 10%EA/Hexane gave compound 53 (2.27 g, 70% yield).

Step 6. To a solution of compound 53 (2.25 g, 5.15 mol) in anhydrous THF(20 mL) at RT was added tetrabutylammonium fluoride (4.04 g, 15.44 mmol)in one portion. The mixture was stirred at RT for 90 minutes and dilutedwith water/EA. The aqueous layer was extracted with EA (3×20 mL), washedwith 0.1 N HCl (20 mL) and saturated sodium bicarbonate (20 mL). Flashchromatography with Biotage 40 mm column (30% EA/Hexane) gave compound54 (1.02 g, 99% yield).

Step 7. To a solution of compound 54 (1.01 g, 5.1 mmol) in DCM (20.0 mL)at 0° C. was added DMAP (45.0 mg, 0.37 mmol), triethylamine (1.4 mL,10.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.78 mL, 10.1 mmol). Theresulting mixture was stirred for 2 hours at 0° C. and overnight at RT.The reaction mixture was diluted with water, extracted with EA (3×20mL), dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Flash chromatographyusing Biotage 25 mm column (20% EA/Hexane) gave compound 55 (1.27 g, 90%yield).

Step 8. To a suspension of potassium tert-butoxide (0.98 g, 8.73 mmol)in THF (5.0 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution of benzimidate compound 56(from L-serine methyl ester) (1.5466 g, 8.73 mmol) in THF (10.0 mL)using a syringe pump at a rate of 0.24 mL/minute. The resulting reactionmixture was stirred for 1 hour at 0° C. To the mixture was added asolution of compound 55 (1.21 g, 4.36 mmol) in THF (10.0 mL) via syringepump at a rate of 0.24 mL/minute. The reaction mixture was stirred for48 hours. Flash chromatography (30% EA/Hexane) gave compound 57 (0.73 g,46% yield).

Step 9. To a solution of compound 57 (0.93 g, 2.6 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL)at RT was added 2 N HCl (7.8 mL, 15.6 mmol). The reaction mixture washeated for 2 hours at 90° C. After the reaction mixture was cooled downto RT, a solution of 7.4 N NaOH (4.2 mL, 31.2 mmol) was added to thereaction mixture at RT. The reaction mixture was heated for 4 hours at90° C., cooled to RT, left standing overnight. The reaction mixture wasextracted with DCM (3×50 mL) and the combined organics concentrated togive crude compound 58 (0.81 g), which was use for next step withoutfurther purification.

Step 10. To a solution of compound 58 (0.72 g) in THF (10 mL) at RT wasadded saturated sodium bicarbonate (10 mL). To the resulting mixture wasadded myristoyl chloride (0.63 mL, 2.24 mmol) at 0° C. Stirring wascontinued for 20 minutes at 0° C. The reaction mixture was diluted withwater, extracted with DCM (3×10 mL), dried and concentrated.Purification by flash chromatography (30% EA/Hexane) gave compound 59(0.92 g, 76% yield for 2 steps).

Step 11. To a solution of compound 59 (0.92 g) in dichloromethane (25mL) at RT was added pyridinium trifluoroacetate (803 mg). The reactionmixture was cooled to −20° C. and Boc-phosphorylating reagent compound 6(1.10 g) was added. After 2 hours, 30% hydrogen peroxide (0.88 mL) wasadded and the reaction was allowed to warm to RT. To the reactionmixture was added a solution of sodium thiosulfate (1.24 g in 20 mLwater). Aqueous work-up and column chromatography gave compound 60(0.619 g, 47% yield).

Step 12. To a solution of compound 60 (0.29 g, 0.38 mmol) in 20/1THF:H₂O (5.5 mL) at RT was added triphenylphosphine (0.18 g, 0.69 mmol).The resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight, concentrated, anddried azeotropically with toluene to give compound 61, which was usedfor next step without purification.

Step 13. To a solution of crude compound 61 (0.50 g) in anhydrous DCM(5.0 mL) at 0° C. was added lauric acid (0.14 g, 0.70 mmol), EDC (0.13g, 0.70 mmol), and HOBt (0.094 g, 0.70 mmol). The resulting mixture wasstirred at RT until compound 61 was consumed. Flash chromatography gavecompound 62 (0.122 g, 39% yield for 2 steps).

Step 14. To a solution of compound 62 (0.122 g, 0.135 mmol) in DCM wasadded triethylsilane (108 μL, 0.67 mmol) and TFA (104 μL, 1.35 mmol) at0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at RT and monitored by TLC (10%MeOH/DCM) until compound 62 was consumed. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with water and saturated sodium bicarbonate, extracted with DCM(3×20 mL), dried with sodium sulfate, and concentrated to give the crudeamine compound 63, which was used directly in the next reaction withoutfurther purification.

Step 15. To a solution of compound 63 (55.4 mg, 0.069 mmol) and2-(4-allyloxybenzyl)malonic acid, mono allyl ester (60.1 mg, 0.207 mmol)in DCM (3.0 mL) was added EDC (26.3 mg, 0.138 mmol), HOBt (18.6 g, 0.138mmol), and triethylamine (72.2 μL, 0.41 mmol) at −5° C. The mixture wasstirred at RT overnight, diluted with saturated bicarbonate, extractedwith DCM (3×20 mL), dried with sodium sulfate, and concentrated. Flashchromatography on a 25 mm Biotage column (40% Acetone/Hexane) gavecompound 64 (52 mg, 69% yield).

Step 16. To a solution of compound 64 (51.7 mg, 0.048 mmol) in THF wasadded phenylsilane (53.4 μL, 0.433 mmol), triphenylphosphine (22.7 mg,0.086 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (16.7 mg,0.014 mmol) at RT. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 60 minutesand loaded onto DEAE, eluted with 2:3:1/CHCl₃:MeOH:H₂O to remove thepalladium catalyst, followed by column elution with 0.01 M, 0.02 MNH₄OAC in 2:3:1. Product fractions were collected and diluted with anequal volume of DCM. The organic solution was concentrated to giveER809266 (32.8 mg, 71% yield).

ER809265 and ER809267 can be prepared by a similar sequence ofreactions, with the exception that the configuration of the chiralcenter of compound 49 is not inverted before mesylation and azidedisplacement.

Example 8 Identification of TLR2 and TLR4 Antagonists

Materials

Either Pam₃CSK4 and R-MALP-2 lipopeptides (EMC-Microcollections), orlipopolysaccharide (LPS, List Biologicals) are dissolved in water to aconcentration of 1 mg/mL, sonicated 5 times for 30 seconds, and storedin aliquots at −20° C. Prior to addition to cells, an aliquot of thedissolved ligand is sonicated for 1 minute and then is diluted in mediumto 2 ng/mL Pam3CSK4, 16 ng/mL R-MALP-2, or 100 ng/mL LPS. The finalconcentration in the assay is 0.2 ng/mL Pam3CSK4, 1.6 ng/mL R-MALP-2, or10 ng/mL LPS.

The test compounds are stored as 30 mM stocks in 4% DMSO. The finalconcentrations of the test compounds in the assay are 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3,10, and 30 μM in 0.2% DMSO. 0.2% DMSO is used in the assay as a control.

HEK293 cells stably carrying plasmids for TLR4, MD2, and the NF-κBreporter gene ELAM-1-luciferase (HEK-TLR4-MD2-ELAM) were generated asdescribed by Yang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275:20861-20866, 2000.

HEK-TLR2-ELAM cells were generated by a two-step method. In step 1,Hek293 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.0 encoding human TLR2 followedby antibiotic selection with G418 in D-MEM supplemented with 10% fetalbovine serum (Gibco BRL) to generate Hek-TLR2 cells. In step 2, Hek-TLR2cells were transfected with pELAM-luc/Zeo followed by antibioticselection with Zeocin in D-MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum.Transfectants were screened for TLR2 responsiveness by measuringligand-induced pELAM-luciferase reporter activity, and analyzed for TLR2mRNA expression by RT-PCR.

TLR2 Antagonism Assay

Step 1. On day 1, HEK-TLR2-ELAM cells are plated at 2×10⁵ cells/mL, 80μL/well, in 96-well black plates. The cells are incubated at 37° C., 5%CO₂, for 24 hours. The growth medium used is D-MEM, 10% fetal bovineserum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 μg/mL Ciprofloxacin, 300 μg/mL Geneticin(G418), and 150 μg/mL Zeocin.

Step 2. On day 2, 10 μL of each test compound is added to the wells, and10 μL lipopeptide is added to all of the wells. The plates are thenincubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂, for 18 hours.

Step 3. On day 3, 25 μL of Steady-Glo reagent (Promega, Inc.) is addedto each well. The plates are then shaken for 5 minutes, and thechemiluminescence of each well is read in a Wallac1450 MicroBetaTriLuxcounter. Dose-response curves were plotted in KaleidaGraph, version 3.5Synergy Software, and IC₅₀ values were calculated.

TLR4 Antagonism Assay

Step 1. On day 1, HEK-TLR4MD2-ELAM cells were plated at 4×10⁵ cells/mL,80 μL/well, in 96-well black plates. The growth medium used is D-MEM,10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 μg/mL Ciprofloxacin, 300μg/mL Geneticin (G418), 150 μg/mL Zeocin, and 50 μg/mL Hygromycin.

Step 2. On day 2, 10 μL of each test compound is added to the wells, and10 μL of LPS plus 10 nM soluble CD 14 (Biometec) is added to all of thewells. The plates are then incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂, for 18 hours.

Step 3. On day 3, 25 μL of Steady-Glo reagent (Promega, Inc.) is addedto each well. The plates are then shaken for 5 minutes, and thechemiluminescence of each well is read in a Wallac1450 MicroBetaTriLuxcounter. Dose-response curves were plotted in KaleidaGraph, version 3.5Synergy Software, and IC₅₀ values were calculated.

Antagonistic activities of selected compounds of the invention in theTLR2 and TLR4 assays are presented in Table 6. TABLE 6 TLR2 activity byPam3CSK4 Compound (IC₅₀, μM) TLR4 (IC₅₀, μM) ER811243 0.23 0.2 ER8120110.24 6.6 ER811212 0.39 1.0 ER811245 0.43 3.4 ER811211 0.44 0.7 ER8113930.46 12.3 ER811261 0.50 1.8 ER811395 0.65 1.8 ER811232 0.75 0.4 ER8112540.77 3.6

TLR² can cooperate with TLR⁶ and TLR¹ to form heterodimers and recognizedifferent microbial ligands. For example, TLR² associates with TLR¹ torecognize triacylated lipopeptide (Pam3CSK4), but interacts with TLR⁶ torecognize diacylated lipopeptide (R-MALP-2). Such heterodimerselectivity for compounds of the invention is shown in Table 7 forER811245 and ER808977. TABLE 7 TLR2 activity by TLR2 activity byPam3CSK4 R-MALP-2 Compound (IC₅₀, μM) (IC₅₀, μM) ER-811245 0.44 30ER-808977 0.24 20

From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that variations andmodifications may be made to the invention described herein to adapt itto various usages and conditions. Such embodiments are also within thescope of the following claims.

All publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporatedby reference to the same extent as if each independent publication orpatent application was specifically and individually indicated to beincorporated by reference.

Other embodiments are within the following claims.

1. A compound having the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein a isan integer of 1 to 3: b is an integer of 0 to 4, wherein when b is 0,the carbon bonded to X and W is not bonded to 2 or more heteroatoms; R¹is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl; X is selected from the group consisting of—NR^(X1)V, —N(R^(X1))C(O)V, —N(R^(X1))C(S)V, —N(R^(X1))C(O)N(R^(X2))V,—N(R^(X1))C(S)N(R^(X2))V, —N(R^(X1))C(O)OV, —N(R^(X1))S(O)₂V,—C(O)N(R^(X1))V, —C(O)OV, —OC(O)V, —OC(O)OV, and —OC(O)N(R^(X1))V, whereeach of R^(X1) and R^(X2) is, independently, H or C₁₋₆ alkyl, and V is aC₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, or C₁₋₂₀ alkynyl group, optionallysubstituted with halo, hydroxyl, C₁₋₂₁ acyloxy, oxo, C₁₋₂₀ alkoxyl, orC₁₋₂₀ thioalkoxyl and optionally containing 1 or 2 phenyl or biphenylmoieties in and/or at the end of the carbon chain: W is selected fromthe group consisting of H, —C(O)N(R^(W1))R^(W2), C(O)OR^(W2),—(CH₂)_(c)OR^(W3),—(CH₂)_(c)SR^(W3)—(CH₂)_(c)O(CH₂)_(d)CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4),—(CH₂)_(c)S(CH₂)_(d)CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4),—C(O)N(R^(W1))(CH₂)_(c)CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4), and—C(O)N(R^(W1))(CH₂)_(c)CH(OR^(W3))(CH₂)_(e)OR^(W5), wherein each of cand d is, independently, an integer of 1 to 4, e is an integer of 2 to4, R^(W1) is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl, R^(W2) is C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, orC₁₋₂₀ alkynyl, each of R^(W3) and R^(W5) is, independently, H, C₁₋₂₀alkyl, C₁₋₂₁ acyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, or C₁₋₂₀ alkynyl, and R^(W4) is H,C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, or C₁₋₂₀ alkynyl, wherein each of R^(W2),R^(W3), R^(W4), and R^(W5) is optionally substituted with halo,hydroxyl, C₁₋₂₁ acyloxy, oxo, C₁₋₂₀ alkoxyl, or C₁₋₂₀ thioalkoxyl,optionally contains 1 to 2 phenyl or biphenyl moieties in and/or at theend of the carbon chain, and optionally contains 1 to 4 non-vicinaloxygen atoms in the carbon chain; and U is selected from the groupconsisting of

 wherein f is an integer of 1 to 4, g is 0 or 1, each of R^(U1), R^(U2)and R^(U3) is, independently, H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl,optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl, or optionally substituted C₂₋₁₅heterocyclylalkyl, or R^(U1) is H or optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyland R^(U2) and R^(U3) together with the carbon atom they are bonded toform an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ aliphatic ring, or R^(U2) is H andR^(U3) and R^(U1) together with the carbon atom bonded to R^(U3) and thenitrogen atom bonded to R^(U1) form an optionally substituted4-6-membered heterocyclic ring, R^(U4) is selected from the groupconsisting of —CH₂R^(U5), —C(O)R^(U6), —C(O)NH(R^(U7)), and—C(O)O(R^(U8)), wherein each of R^(U5), R^(U6), R^(U7) and R^(U8) isselected from the group consisting of optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl,optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl, optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl, optionally substitutedC₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, andoptionally substituted C₁₋₉ heterocyclyl, or R^(U4) is a peptide chainof 1 to 10 natural or non-natural amino acids, or mixture thereof,linked via the C-terminal end and substituted at the N-terminal end ofthe peptide with a group selected from H, —CH₂R^(U5), —C(O)R^(U6),—C(O)NH(R^(U7)), and —C(O)O(R^(U8)), wherein each of R^(U5), R^(U6),R^(U7), and R^(U8) is as defined above, and R^(U5) is a peptide chain of1 to 10 natural or non-natural amino acids, or mixture thereof, linkedvia the N-terminal end and the C-terminal end is CO₂R^(U9), orCONR^(U10)R^(U11), herein each of R^(U9), R^(U10), and R^(U11) isselected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl, optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl, optionally substitutedC₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, andoptionally substituted C₁₋₉ heterocyclyl.
 2. A compound having theformula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein a isan integer of 1 to 3; b is an integer of 0 to 4, wherein when b is 0,the carbon bonded to X and Y is not bonded to 2 or more heteroatoms;each of R¹, R², and R³ is, independently, H or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R⁴ is H,optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl,or optionally substituted C₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl; R⁵ is CO₂H, SO₃H,OSO₃H, OP(O)(OH)₂, or 5-tetrazolyl; X is selected from the groupconsisting of —NR^(X1)V, —N(R^(X1))C(O)V, —N(R^(X1))C(S)V,—N(R^(X1))C(O)N(R^(X2))V, —N(R^(X1))C(S)N(R^(X2))V, —N(R^(X1))C(O)OV,N(R^(X1))S(O)₂V, —C(O)N(R^(X1))V, —C(O)OV, —OC(O)V, —OC(O)OV, and—OC(O)N(R^(X1))V, where each of R^(X1) and R^(X2) is, independently, Hor C₁₋₆ alkyl, and V is a C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, or C₁₋₂₀ alkynylgroup, optionally substituted with halo, hydroxyl, C₁₋₂₁ acyloxy, oxo,C₁₋₂₀ alkoxyl, or C₁₋₂₀ thioalkoxyl and optionally containing 1 or 2phenyl or biphenyl moieties in and/or at the end of the carbon chain: Wis selected from the group consisting of H, —C(O)N(R^(W1))R^(W2),—C(O)OR^(W2), —(CH₂)_(c)OR^(W3), —(CH₂)_(c)SR^(W3),—(CH)_(c)O(CH₂)_(d)CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4),—(CH₂)_(c)S(CH₂)_(d)CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4)—C(O)N(R^(W1))(CH₂)_(c)CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4)and —C(O)N(R^(W1))(CH₂)_(c)CH(OR^(W3))(CH₂)_(e)OR^(W5), wherein each ofc and d is, independently, an integer of 1 to 4, e is an integer of 2 to4, R^(W1) is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl R^(W2) is C₁₋₂₀ alkyl C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, orC₁₋₂₀ alkynyl, each of R^(W3) and R^(W5) is, independently, H, C₁₋₂₀alkyl C₁₋₂₁ acyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, or C₁₋₂₀ alkynyl, and R^(W4) is H,C₁₋₂₀ alkyl C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, or C₁₋₂₀ alkynyl, wherein each of R^(W2),R^(W3), R^(W4), and R^(W5) is optionally substituted with halo,hydroxyl, C₁₋₂₁ acyloxy, oxo, C₁₋₂₀ alkoxyl, or C₁₋₂₀ thioalkoxyl,optionally contains 1 to 2 phenyl or biphenyl moieties in and/or at theend of the carbon chain, and optionally contains 1 to 4 non-vicinaloxygen atoms in the carbon chain; and U is selected from the groupconsisting of

 where f is an integer of 1 to 4, g is 0 or 1, each of R^(U1), R^(U2),and R^(U3) is, independently, H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl,optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl, or optionally substituted C₂₋₁₅heterocyclylalkyl, or R^(U1) is H or optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyland R^(U2) and R^(U3) together with the carbon atom they are bonded toform an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ aliphatic ring, or R^(U2) is H andR^(U3) and R^(U1) together with the carbon atom bonded to R^(U3) and thenitrogen atom bonded to R^(U1) form an optionally substituted4-6-membered heterocyclic ring, R^(U4) is selected from the groupconsisting of —CH₂R^(U5), —C(O)R^(U6), —C(O)NH(R^(U7)), and—C(O)O(R^(U8)), wherein each of R^(U5), R^(U6), R^(U7), and R^(U8) isselected from the group consisting of optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl,optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl, optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl, optionally substitutedC₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, andoptionally substituted C₁₋₉ heterocyclyl, or R^(U4) is a peptide chainof 1 to 10 natural or non-natural amino acids, or mixture thereof,linked via the C-terminal end and substituted at the N-terminal end ofthe peptide with a group selected from H, —CH₂R^(U5), —C(O)R^(U6),—C(O)NH(R^(U7)), and —C(O)O(R^(U5)), wherein each of R^(U5), R^(U6),R^(U7), and R^(U8) is as defined above, and R^(U5) is a peptide chain of1 to 10 natural or non-natural amino acids, or mixture thereof, linkedvia the N-terminal end and the C-terminal end is CO₂R^(U9) orCONR^(U10)R^(U11) wherein each of R^(U9), R^(U10), and R^(U11) isselected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl, optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl, optionally substitutedC₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, andoptionally substituted C₁₋₉ heterocyclyl.
 3. The compound of claim 1 or2, wherein X or W contains at least one linear alkyl moiety of 7 or morecarbons.
 4. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein each of X and Ycontain at least one linear alkyl moiety of 7 or more carbons.
 5. Thecompound of claim 1 or 2, wherein W is —C(O)NH(CH₂)₂CH(OH)R^(W4) whereinR^(W4) is C₇₋₁₉ alkyl.
 6. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein W is—C(O)NH(CH₂)₂CH₂OR^(W3), wherein R^(W3) is —C(O)(CH₂)_(aa)CH₃, whereinaa is an integer of 6 to
 18. 7. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein Wis —C(O)NH(CH₂)₂CH(OR^(W3))R^(W4), wherein R^(W3) is —C(O)(CH₂)_(aa)CH₃and R^(W4) is CH₂OC(O)(CH₂)_(bb)CH₃, wherein each of aa and bb is,independently, an integer of 6 to
 18. 8. The compound of claim 1 or 2,wherein U is C(O)C(R^(U2))(R^(U3))NHR^(U4) or —C(O)(CH₂)_(f)NHR^(U4) orwherein R^(U2) is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, R^(U3) is H, andR^(U4) is an optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or an optionallysubstituted C₂₋₉ heteroaryl.
 9. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein Uis

wherein R^(U2) is C₁₋₆ alkyl R^(U3) is H, and R^(U12) is optionallysubstituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryloxy, optionallysubstituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl, optionally substituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkoxy,optionally substituted C₂₋₉ heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₉heterocyclyloxy, optionally substituted C₃₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl, oroptionally substituted C₃₋₁₅-heterocyclylalkyloxy. 10-32. (canceled) 33.A compound having the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein i isan integer of 1 to 4 R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl; Z is selected from the groupconsisting of —NR^(Z1)V, —N(R^(Z1))C(O)V, —N(R^(Z1))C(S)V,—N(R^(Z1))C(O)N(R^(Z2))V, —N(R^(Z1))C(S)N(R^(Z2))V, —N(R^(Z1))C(O)OV,and —N(R^(Z1))S(O)₂V, where each of R^(Z1) and R^(Z2) is, independently,H or C₁₋₆ alkyl, and V is a C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, or C₁₋₂₀ alkynylgroup, optionally substituted with halo, hydroxyl, C₁₋₂₁ acyloxy, oxo,C₁₋₂₀ alkoxyl, or C₁₋₂₀ thioalkoxyl and optionally contains 1 to 2phenyl or biphenyl moieties in and/or at the end of the carbon chain; R⁷is C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, or C₁₋₂₀ alkynyl, optionally substitutedwith halo, hydroxyl, C₁₋₂₁ acyloxy, oxo, C₁₋₂₀ alkoxyl, or C₁₋₂₀thioalkoxyl and optionally contains 1 to 2 phenyl or biphenyl moietiesin and/or at the end of the carbon chain; each of R⁸ and R⁹ is,independently H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₇₋₁₆ aralkyl, or optionally substituted C₂₋₁₅heterocyclylalkyl, or R⁸ and R⁹ together with the carbon atom they arebonded to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ aliphatic ring; and T isOR^(T1), NR^(T2)R^(T3), or a peptide chain of 1 to 10 natural ornon-natural amino acids, or mixture thereof, linked via the N-terminalend and the C-terminal end is COR^(T1), or CONR^(T2)R^(T3), wherein eachof R^(T1), R^(T2), and R^(T3) is selected from the group consisting ofH, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, optionally substitutedC₇₋₁₆ aralkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₅ heterocyclylalkyl,optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, and optionally substituted C₁₋₉heterocyclyl.
 34. A pharmaceutical composition comprising any of thecompounds of claims 1, 2, and 33 and a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient.
 35. A method of preventing or treating a disease or conditioncharacterized by Toll-like receptor 2 activation in a patient, saidmethod comprising administering to the patient a compound selective forantagonism of Toll-like receptor 2 over Toll-like receptor 4 or a dualantagonist of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor
 4. 36. Amethod of preventing or treating a disease or condition characterized byToll-like receptor 2 activation in a patient, said method comprisingadministering to the patient a compound that is dual antagonist ofToll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor
 4. 37. A method ofpreventing or treating a disease or condition characterized by Toll-likereceptor 2 activation in a patient, said method comprising administeringto the patient the compound of any of claims 1, 2, and
 33. 38. Themethod of claim 35 or 36, wherein said disease or condition is selectedfrom the group consisting of inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis,periodontal disease, mucositis, acne, cardiovascular disease, chronicobstructive pulmonary disease, arthritis, cystic fibrosis,bacterial-induced infections, viral-induced infections,mycoplasma-associated diseases, post herpetic neuralgia,ischemia/reperfusion injury, asthma, stroke, brain injury, necrotizingenterocolitis, bed sores, leprosy, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, trauma,allergies, neurodegenerative disease, amphotericin B-induced fever andnephritis, coronary artery bypass grafting, and atherosclerosis.
 39. Amethod for identifying an agent that decreases or inhibits activation ofToll-like receptor 2, said method comprising (i) contacting a cellexpressing said receptor with a candidate agent in the presence of anactivator of said receptor and (ii) determining the effect of said agenton the activation of said receptor, wherein a decrease in activation ofsaid receptor in the presence of said agent indicates the identificationof agent that decreases or inhibits activation of said receptor.
 40. Themethod of claim 39, wherein the effect of said agent on the activationof said receptor is determined by analysis of the expression of areporter gene that is under the control of a promoter that is induced ina signaling pathway triggered by activation of said receptor.
 41. Themethod of claim 39, wherein said cell is in vitro.
 42. The method ofclaim 39, wherein said cell is in vivo.
 43. A method for determiningwhether a compound is an antagonist of Toll-like receptor 2, the methodcomprising comparing the compound with a compound of claim 1, 2, or 33in an assay for Toll-like receptor 2 activity.
 44. The method of claim37, wherein said disease or condition is selected from the groupconsisting of inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, periodontal disease,mucositis, acne, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease, arthritis, cystic fibrosis, bacterial-induced infections,viral-induced infections, mycoplasma-associated diseases, post herpeticneuralgia, ischemia/reperfusion injury, asthma, stroke, brain injury,necrotizing enterocolitis, bed sores, leprosy, atopic dermatitis,psoriasis, trauma, allergies, neurodegenerative disease, amphotericinB-induced fever and nephritis, coronary artery bypass grafting, andatherosclerosis.